"Transformation of Matter" Classification and Transformation of Matter PPT

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"Transformation of Matter" Classification and Transformation of Matter PPT

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Transformation of matter

1. Basic basis for realizing material transformation

_____ will not change before or after a chemical reaction.

2. Transformation of common elements and their compounds

(1) Example study:

(2)Conclusion:

The conversion relationship from elemental substance to salt:

[Do it] Sulfur and carbon are both non-metallic elements and have certain similarities in properties. Can you write the chemical equation for the following transformation?

Tips: ①S+O2 SO2; ②SO2+H2O====H2SO3;

③H2SO3+2NaOH====Na2SO3+2H2O

【Situation·Thinking】

Ancient poetry contains rich chemical changes. "Ode of Lime" by Yu Qian, a poet of the Ming Dynasty, is a poem that expresses ambitions. The author uses lime as a metaphor to express his loyalty to the country, his willingness to not be afraid of sacrifice, and his determination to uphold his noble sentiments.

(1) What chemical substances are involved in the above poems? What types of substances do they belong to?

(2) Take the above substances as examples to describe the transformation relationships between various types of compounds.

2. Determine the method of preparing substances

1. Determine the basis

2. Selection of industrial production methods

(1) Selection of the most appropriate method

(2) Example - Industrial preparation of NaOH

①The reason for not using the reaction of Na2O and H2O:_________________________;

②Mainly used:_______________;

③ In the past, it was used to react with salt (such as ______) and alkali such as _______.

【Situation·Thinking】

Calcium hydroxide, commonly known as slaked lime or slaked lime, is a white powdery solid. Calcium hydroxide is an important building material. The Bordeaux mixture in pesticides uses lime milk (calcium hydroxide dissolved in water) and copper sulfate aqueous solution

Prepared according to certain proportions. In winter, the trees are protected from insects by applying 80 cm of lime mortar above the roots of the trees.

Please think about: What are the main considerations for using this method to prepare calcium hydroxide?

Tips: Mainly consider the abundant sources of raw materials (limestone), cheap prices, low production costs, and low equipment requirements.

Material Transformation PPT, Part 2: Achievement of Key Abilities and Qualities

Knowledge points: Mutual transformation between elements, oxides, acids, bases and salts

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Common properties of five types of substances

(1) Common properties of metals

(2) The properties of acid

Example: Zn+H2SO4====ZnSO4+H2↑

2NaOH+H2SO4====Na2SO4+2H2O

CuO+H2SO4====CuSO4+H2O

H2SO4+Na2CO3====Na2SO4+CO2↑+H2O

(3) The properties of alkali

Example: CO2+2NaOH====Na2CO3+H2O (a small amount of CO2)

HCl+ NaOH====NaCl+H2O

MgCl2+ 2NaOH====Mg(OH)2↓+2NaCl

(4) The properties of salt

Example:CO2+H2O====H2CO3

CO2+ 2NaOH====Na2CO3+H2O (a small amount of CO2)

CuO+2HCl====CuCl2+H2O

CaO+H2O====Ca(OH)2

2. Mutual transformation between elements, oxides, acids, bases and salts

Interpretation of diagrams:

①Metal element alkaline oxide, such as 4Na+O2====2Na2O;

②Alkaline oxide base, such as CaO+H2O====Ca(OH)2;

③Elemental metal salts, such as Zn+H2SO4====ZnSO4+H2↑;

④Alkaline oxide salt, such as CaO+2HCl====

CaCl2+H2O;

⑤Alkali salt, such as Ca(OH)2+2HCl====CaCl2+2H2O;

⑥Non-metal elemental acidic oxides, such as S+O2 SO2;

⑦Acidic oxide acid, such as CO2+H2O====H2CO3;

⑧Non-metallic elemental salts, such as 2Na+Cl2 2NaCl;

⑨Acidic oxide salt,

Such as CO2+2NaOH====Na2CO3+H2O (a small amount of CO2);

⑩Acid salt, such as HCl+NaOH====NaCl+H2O.

3. Basic types of inorganic reactions

(1)Combination reaction: A+B+...C;

(2) Decomposition reaction: A B+C+……;

(3) Displacement reaction: A+BC AC+B;

(4) Metathesis reaction: AB+CD AD+CB.

[Error-prone reminder] (1) The conditions for the substitution reaction between metals and salt solutions are generally that the metal at the front of the metal activity sequence can replace the metal at the back.

(2) Pay attention to the reaction conditions for reactions between acids, bases, and salts. For example, the conditions for the reaction of bases and salts, and salts and salts are that all reactants are soluble and one of the products is precipitated.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) What conditions must be met for the reaction of alkali and salt to occur? Give an example to illustrate.

Tip: The reaction between a base and a salt to generate a new base and a new salt can only occur when the conditions for the metathesis reaction are met, such as Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3====

CaCO3↓+2NaOH generates calcium carbonate precipitation, which meets the conditions for the metathesis reaction to occur, so that this reaction can occur.

(2) Some students think that when carbon dioxide gas is introduced into the calcium chloride solution, a reaction will occur. The chemical equation is CaCl2+H2O+CO2====CaCO3↓+2HCl. Is this judgment correct? Why?

Tip: Incorrect. Carbonic acid is a weak acid, hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, and this reaction does not occur.

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Update Time: 2024-07-02

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