"Micro Topic Five: Question Types and Problem Solving Methods Related to Gene Expression" Gene Expression PPT Courseware

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"Micro Topic Five: Question Types and Problem Solving Methods Related to Gene Expression" Gene Expression PPT Courseware

Part 1: The relationship between genetic information, codons and anticodons

[Typical Example 1] (2019 Sihezhuang Middle School Monthly Examination) Human genetic information, genetic code, and anticodon are located in ()

A.DNA, RNA, RNA B.RNA, DNA, RNA

C. Protein, DNA, RNA D. RNA, RNA, DNA

Analysis: Human genetic material is DNA. Genetic information refers to the sequence of bases in the DNA molecule; genetic code refers to the three adjacent bases in mRNA that determine an amino acid, so the genetic code is on the mRNA; anticodons are Refers to the three bases at one end of the tRNA that can complement the codon, so the anticodon is on the tRNA, and A is correct.

Answer A

[Practice 1] (2019·Longyan final) In the same organism, which of the following statements is wrong ()

A. Different genes store different genetic information

B. Different rRNAs may carry the same amino acids

C. Different codons may translate into the same amino acid

D. Different mRNA molecules may contain the same codons

Analytical genes are usually DNA fragments with genetic effects. Different genes store different genetic information. A is correct; rRNA is a component of ribosomes and does not carry amino acids. B is incorrect; an amino acid may be determined by multiple different codons. Therefore, different codons may translate into the same amino acid, and C is correct; codons are the three adjacent bases on the mRNA that determine one amino acid. Different mRNA molecules may contain the same codons, such as the start codon. With the stop codon, D is correct.

Answer B

Question types and problem-solving methods related to gene expression PPT, Part 2: Comparison of replication, transcription and translation

[Typical Example 2] (2019·Foshan 1st Interim) Among the following statements about DNA replication, transcription, and translation, the correct one is ()

A. DNA replication only uses one strand of the DNA molecule as a template, so it is called semi-conservative replication.

B. Transcription requires messenger RNA as a template and ribonucleotides as raw materials.

C. During translation, genetic information flows from RNA to protein.

D. When copying, transcribing and translating, A is paired with T and G is paired with C.

[Practice 2] (2019·Shunyi District Final) Regarding the comparison of replication, transcription, and translation of DNA molecules, the error is ()

A. They all follow the principle of complementary base pairing. B. They only occur during interphase of cell division.

C. It can occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. D. Both require templates, raw materials, specific enzymes and energy.

Analysis: All three follow the principle of complementary base pairing to ensure the accurate transmission and expression of genetic information. A is correct; DNA replication occurs during the interphase of cell division, while transcription and translation can occur at any stage of the cell. B is incorrect; prokaryotic cells Both eukaryotic and eukaryotic cells have DNA, RNA and ribosomes, and the replication, transcription, and translation of DNA molecules can all occur. C is correct; from a conditional point of view, they all require templates, raw materials, enzymes, and energy to ensure the normal progress of physiological processes. D is correct.

Answer B

Question types and problem-solving methods related to gene expression PPT, the third part: the difference between the gene expression process of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

The base sequence of genes encoding proteins in prokaryotic cells is continuous. Once transcribed, mature mRNA is produced, which can directly guide ribosomes to translate into proteins, and there is no nuclear membrane barrier, so gene expression can be carried out while Transcribe and translate.

For genes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the base sequences encoding proteins are separated by many base sequences called introns that cannot encode proteins. During transcription, immature precursor mRNA is first formed, and then undergoes Shearing and processing remove the transcript fragments corresponding to the introns, and then connect other fragments to form mature mRNA, which can guide ribosomes to translate into proteins. Coupled with the barrier of the eukaryotic cell nuclear membrane, only Can be transcribed first and then translated.

[Typical Example 3] (2019·Longyan City Quality Inspection) The figure below shows the transmission process of genetic information in two types of cells, A and B. The following relevant descriptions are correct ()

A. Cell A can represent the transmission process of genetic information in E. coli cells

B. Multiple ribosomes in cell A work together to complete the translation of a polypeptide chain

C. Both processes ① and ② in cell B have T-A base pairing phenomenon.

D. In cell B, ribosomes move from the 3′ end to the 5′ end of the mRNA.

[Typical Example 4] (2019 Guangdong Province Experimental Middle School Final) Regarding the statement about the physiological process shown in the diagram, the correct statement is ()

A. Cells that can undergo the physiological processes shown in the diagram have a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

B. The codons contained in the mRNA can be found in the corresponding anticodons on the tRNA

C. This diagram represents transcription and translation

D. The energy required for the physiological processes represented in this diagram is provided by mitochondria.

Question types and solution methods related to gene expression PPT, Part 4: Calculations related to gene expression

(1) During gene expression, the number of DNA (gene) bases: the number of mRNA bases: the number of amino acids in the polypeptide chain = 6:3:1. The diagram is as follows:

(2) Calculation of the relative molecular mass of bases in genes and proteins

If there are n bases in the gene, the average relative molecular mass of the amino acid is a, and the relative molecular mass of the synthesized protein containing m polypeptide chains = n6·a-18×(n6-m); if it is changed to n bases Yes, the formula is n3•a-18×(n3-m).

The above relationship should be understood as: each synthesis of one amino acid requires at least 3 bases in the mRNA and 6 bases in the gene. The reasons are as follows:

① Some fragments in DNA have no genetic effect and cannot be transcribed into mRNA.

②Among the gene segments, some segments play a regulatory role but are not transcribed.

③ There is a stop codon in the transcribed mRNA. The stop codon does not correspond to an amino acid, so the number of bases on the gene or DNA is more than 6 times the number of amino acids in the protein.

[Typical Example 5] (2019·Guilin 1st Intermediate School) A certain protein is composed of n peptide chains, the average relative molecular mass of amino acids is a, and the gene that controls the synthesis of the protein contains b base pairs, then The relative molecular mass of this protein is at most ()

A.2/3ab－6b+18n B.1/3ab－6b

C.1/3×18 D.1/3ab－(1/3b－n)×18

Analysis: The gene that controls the synthesis of a certain protein contains b base pairs, then the protein is formed by the dehydration condensation of b/3 amino acids; the average relative molecular mass of the amino acids is a, then the total relative molecular mass of the amino acids composing the protein is 1/ 3ab; Since amino acids undergo dehydration and condensation to form n peptide chains, and then the protein is composed of (b/3-n) water molecules, the relative molecular mass is reduced by (1/3b-n)×18. That is, the relative molecular mass of the protein is 1/3ab-(1/3b-n)×18. The answer is D.

Answer D

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Update Time: 2024-11-05

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