"The Process of Biological Evolution" Biological Evolution PPT Courseware 2

Description

"The Process of Biological Evolution" Biological Evolution PPT Courseware 2

Knowledge goal

1. Describe the process of the origin of life;

2. Outline the main processes of biological evolution and summarize the basic laws of biological evolution.

Competence goals

Cultivate imagination, reasoning and analytical skills through learning about the origin of life.

Emotional attitudes and values

Cultivate the thinking and thinking of dialectical materialism.

focus

1. Describe the process of the origin of life;

2. The evolution of plants and animals.

difficulty

1. Describe the process of the origin of life;

2. The evolution of plants and animals.

1. Learn how to study biological evolution

Comparative methods are often used in biological research.

Comparison refers to comparing things that are related to each other according to certain standards to determine their similarities and differences.

By comparing the characteristics of various things, we can grasp the internal connections between things and understand the essence of things.

Fossils are very important evidence in the study of biological evolution.

Fossils are the remains, relics (such as eggs, feces, etc.) or traces of life (such as animal footprints, crawling tracks, etc.) that are buried in the strata for various reasons and gradually formed after tens of thousands of years of complex changes.

1. The comparative fossil research method is adopted, that is, the order in which fossils of different types of animals appear in the stratum is compared to determine the evolutionary sequence of animals.

Through the study of fossils, scientists have found that fish fossils appeared in older strata, while amphibians, reptiles and mammals appeared in more and more recent strata.

in conclusion

The evolutionary sequence of fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals is: fish - amphibians - reptiles - mammals.

2. The method of comparing the morphological and anatomical characteristics of animals is adopted, that is, by comparing the morphological and anatomical characteristics of animals.

In 1861, the fossil of an animal was discovered in Germany - scientists called this animal Archaeopteryx.

Archaeopteryx is about the same size as a crow and is covered with feathers. It has forelimbs like bird wings, but there are fingers at the end of the forelimbs, and claws at the end of the fingers. There are teeth in its mouth, but the shape of its mouth is like a beak.

Its body structure is similar to that of reptiles and birds.

in conclusion

Birds evolved from reptiles, and Archaeopteryx was the intermediate transitional type in the evolution from reptiles to birds.

3. A method of comparing the genetic relationships between organisms by using the differences in some important substances that make up organisms.

A variety of proteins are an important class of substances that make up cells, and cytochrome C is one of them. Scientists compared the differences in cytochrome C of some organisms and found that the difference between humans and chimpanzees is the smallest, the difference between humans and horses is greater, and the differences between humans and fruit flies and sunflowers are even greater.

think about it

1. What do the above three research methods have in common?

All used comparative methods.

2. What assumptions can you make about the course of biological evolution?

Living things are constantly evolving, and there are certain kinship relationships between them.

The first research method shows that: the evolutionary order of fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals is fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals;

The second research method shows that birds evolved from reptiles, and Archaeopteryx was an intermediate transitional type in the evolution of reptiles to birds;

The third research method shows that humans and chimpanzees are the closest relatives, followed by horses, and fruit flies and sunflowers are further distant.

3. Is the study of biological evolution related to other disciplines?

The study of biological evolution is based on a comprehensive analysis of research in many scientific fields (such as geology, genetics, embryology, taxonomy, etc.) and involves many research methods, among which the most important method One is comparison.

Commonly used methods for studying biological evolution - comparison

1. The method of comparing biological fossils and the existence of biological fossils in strata is a method of using paleontological evidence to study biological evolution. For example, by studying dinosaur bones, eggs, and footprints, we can infer the age, weight, shape, and activity environment of dinosaurs.

2. Methods for the anatomical and comparative study of organs and systems of animals and plants.

Comparative anatomy provides important evidence for biological evolution through homologous organs.

Homologous organs refer to organs that have the same origin, similar structure and parts, but different shapes and functions.

3. A method of comparing and studying embryogenesis and developmental processes in plants and animals.

4． A method of comparing protein molecular differences.

Biological evolution is a long-term process of gradual change, which is manifested in the molecular structure of proteins encoded by DNA. By comparing the amino acid composition of the same protein of various organisms, we can see the progressive characteristics of molecular structure changes in the process of biological evolution, and use this to determine the genetic relationship and evolutionary sequence between organisms.

Class exercises

1. In the process of studying biological evolution, ________ is very important evidence. It is biological ____________, which was buried in the ground for various reasons and formed after tens of thousands of years of complex changes.

2. The body structure of _________ is similar to that of reptiles and birds.

3. The ___________ method is often used in biology. It refers to comparing things that have ____________ with each other based on a certain ___________ to determine their similarities and differences.

4． Generally speaking, the overall trend of biological evolution is _____________, _____________, _____________.

5. The original mammals were made of ( )

A. Primitive fish evolved

B． evolved from primitive amphibians

C. evolved from primitive reptiles

D. Primitive fish evolved

6. Among the following plant groups, the fertilization process has completely escaped the restriction of water ( )

A. Algae C. Bryophyta

B． Ferns D. angiosperms

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For more information about the PPT courseware "Evolution of Biology and the Process of Biological Evolution", please click on the Evolution of Biology ppt Process of Biological Evolution ppt tag.

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Update Time: 2024-06-30

This template belongs to biology courseware People's Education Edition Biology for Grade 8, Volume 2 industry PPT template

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