"The Relationship between Organisms and the Environment" Understanding the Biosphere PPT Courseware 4

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"The Relationship between Organisms and the Environment" Understanding the Biosphere PPT Courseware 4

Factors affecting biological survival

1. Abiotic factors—light, temperature, water, air, etc.

2. Biological factors

Between organisms of the same species: mutual aid and competition

Between different species of organisms: predation, competition, parasitism, and mutualistic symbiosis

1. The impact of abiotic factors on organisms

The general process of inquiry starts with discovering problems and asking questions.

Explore: The impact of light on the lives of rat women

Rat worms, also known as "woodlouse", belong to the Crustacea and the woodlouse family. Its body is oblong, slightly flat, grayish brown or black. When you move a flowerpot or stone, it crawls away quickly. why?

1. Ask questions:

Will light affect the life of the Rat Woman?

(Soil moisture, temperature, food...)

2. Make a hypothesis: Rat women are suitable for living in a dark environment, and light will affect the life of rat women.

Basis: Rat women were seen in dark places such as flower pots and under stones, but not in bright places. After the flower pots and stones were removed, the rat woman quickly crawled away.

3. Make a plan (controlled experiment)

Each group designs its own experimental plan based on the experimental materials and tools provided in the textbook, as well as the experimental devices and experimental procedures in the book.

Materials and tools:

10 Rat Women (or other?)

wet soil

Iron (paper, plastic) box

cardboard?

glass plate?

experimental device:

Place a layer of wet soil in the iron plate, with the midline of the horizontal axis as the boundary, cover it with cardboard on one side and a glass plate on the other side. In this way, two environments, dark and bright, are formed in the disk.

Method steps:

Put the rat woman into the box and let it sit for 10 minutes

The number of rats in wet and dry soil is counted every minute and recorded in the table (ten times in total)

The class is divided into 8 groups;

Thinking: In the process of designing experiments, how can we ensure that the experimental results are only caused by differences in lighting? (That is, except for light, other conditions such as humidity and temperature are the same)

Controlled experiment - when studying the effect of a condition on the research object, an experiment in which other conditions are the same except for this condition is called a controlled experiment.

discuss

1. What are the abiotic factors explored in this experiment? What other factors affect the animal?

2. How do you ensure that differences in experimental results can only be caused by the variables you determined?

3. Why do we need to use 10 rat chicks for the experiment? Is it okay to use only one rat chick for the experiment?

4. Why should we calculate the average of each group in the class?

Three major principles that should be followed in exploratory experiments:

1. Single variable principle

Only change one factor and observe its impact on the experimental results. Otherwise, interference will occur and it will not be possible to tell which variable is at play.

2. Principle of contrast

It is divided into experimental group and control group. The control group is the group that does not receive experimental variable treatment or is under normal conditions.

3. Repeatability principle

If it is only done once, the result will be very random. The principle of repeatability is to eliminate the error caused by the randomness of a single experiment as much as possible.

Consolidation exercises

1. Environmental factors that affect biological life are divided into two categories: one is ——, such as ——; the other is ——, such as ————

2. When exploring the impact of light on the life of rat women, the variables in the experiment are -, the constants include - and -, etc.

3. The types of plants growing on the top, mountainside and foot of the mountain are different. The main environmental factors causing this difference are ( )

ASunshine BMoisture CTemperature DSoil

Multiple choice questions:

1. In a certain grassland, there are many factors that affect the life of cattle, among which the biological factors are ( )

Aair Btemperature Cgrass Dwater

2. There are many species of animals and plants in the Xishuangbanna area of ​​Yunnan, my country, but there are very few in the desert areas in the northwest. What do you think is the main factor affecting the distribution of organisms? ( )

A soil B light C moisture D temperature

3. Which of the following organisms has a cooperative relationship ( )

A wolves and rabbits in the grassland B Cuscuta living on leguminous plants

C Rice and barnyard grass in rice fields D Bees collecting nectar

4. What kind of relationship between animals is described in "The mantis stalks the cicada, while the oriole stalks behind"? ( )

A competition B cooperation C parasitism D predatory

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Update Time: 2024-07-29

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