"The Establishment of the Western Han Dynasty" Qin and Han Dynasties Unified Dynasty PPT Courseware 3

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"The Establishment of the Western Han Dynasty" Qin and Han Dynasties Unified Dynasty PPT Courseware 3

1. The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty

1. The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty (key points)

(1) Date of establishment: 202 BC.

(2) Founder: Liu Bang, Liu Bang is the emperor of the Han Dynasty.

(3) Capital: Chang'an, known as the Western Han Dynasty in history.

In 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, the country was named Han, the capital was Chang'an, and it was known as the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu Bang is the emperor of Han Dynasty.

What measures did the rulers of the early Han Dynasty take?

Light corvee and small fortune

Rest with the people

How to understand the "ruling by inaction" of the rulers in the early Han Dynasty?

There are several reasons, the most important reason is that Huang-Lao theory is most suitable for China to recuperate and recuperate after the war. The Qin Dynasty used a strict Legalist system, and the state machinery was too tight, so it was necessary to change national policies. In addition, Zhang Liang and others should also be supporters of Huang Lao's theory.

2. "Government of Wenjing" (Teaching Focus)

1. Time of appearance: During the reign of Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han (180 BC-141 BC).

2. Measures taken during Wenjing’s reign

(1) Continue to implement the policy of light corvee and low taxation, implement a tax of thirty to one, and reduce the corvee from one month a year to one month every three years.

(2) Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty also advocated frugality. During his reign, Emperor Wen did not build a palace and reduced the expenses in the palace.

(3) The law of sitting together and the corporal punishment of mutilating limbs in Qin's laws were abolished, and emphasis was placed on "transforming the people with virtue" and striving to create a stable and relaxed situation.

3.Performance

After decades of governance by Emperors Wen and Jing of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved social stability and economic development, which is known as the "Government of Wen and Jing" in history.

First, encourage production and promote agriculture-oriented

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty made the promotion of farming and land reclamation a part of the performance assessment of local officials, and established "field officials" to encourage agricultural production. Emperor Jing also said: "Farming is the foundation of the world." They all attached great importance to the development of small-scale peasant production in which men farmed and women weaved.

Second, implement light corvees and low taxes to reduce the burden on the people

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty twice "removed half of the land rent tax", that is, the rent rate was reduced from fifteen taxes per one to thirty taxes per one. After Emperor Jing ascended the throne, thirty taxes became customary in the Han Dynasty.

In terms of corvee service, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty reduced the service from one month every year to one month every three years. Emperor Jing postponed the age of corvee conscription from 17 to 20 years old. They also restricted the nobility from requisitioning civil service and reduced the burden on farmers.

Third, promote frugality and save government expenditures

In the 23rd year of Emperor Wen's reign, there were no additions to the palaces, gardens, chariots and costumes, and he explicitly ordered that his tombs should not be decorated with gold or silver carvings, and that all burial objects should be made of ordinary earthenware.

Fourth, reduce penalties and abolish the law of continuous sitting and corporal punishment

Chunyu Tiying, female, was from Linzi. Her father, Chun Yuyi, was convicted of a serious crime for offending a powerful person. According to law, he was escorted to the capital and sentenced to corporal punishment. The family, especially the five daughters, cried endlessly because of this. Chunyu Yi reproached him and said: "If you don't give birth to a son, you will not be able to take care of yourself." Hearing this, his young daughter Tiying was even more sad. She resolutely went to Beijing with her father and wrote a letter to Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, stating that her father was not guilty and that she was willing to fully defend her father's innocence. She worked as a maidservant and was punished on behalf of her father. Emperor Wen was moved and not only pardoned Chunyu Yi, but also ordered the abolition of corporal punishment.

What are the reasons for the emergence of "Wenjing's Rule"?

After 39 years of governance by Emperors Wen and Jing of the Han Dynasty, the society was stable, the economy developed, the criminal network was wide, and the customs were strong.

There are three reasons for the emergence of "Wenjing's rule".

(1) Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing attached great importance to agricultural production. They exempted and exempted land rents and taxes many times, set the land rent at thirty to one tax, opened up mountains, forests and rivers, encouraged farmers to carry out sideline production, and activated the commercial market.

(2) Reform the law, abolish the involvement of the Qin Dynasty, care about the suffering of the people, and replace some corporal punishments for disabled limbs with flogging. There is also a story about Tissot saving his father. Tisuo, the youngest daughter of Chunyu Yi, the Taicang magistrate of the Han Dynasty. Chunyu Yi had no sons, only five daughters. During the reign of Emperor Wen, Chunyu Yi was found guilty and wanted to be punished, and he was ordered to be sent to Chang'an. At that time, the physical punishment had not yet been lifted. Before leaving, Chunyu Yi scolded his daughter and said, "I have no son. If I encounter an emergency, you will be of no use at all." Tissot followed his father. Arrive in Chang'an. She wrote a letter to the emperor, expressing her willingness to sell herself as a maid to atone for her father's sins. Emperor Wen took pity on her, ordered the abolition of corporal punishment, and pardoned Chunyu Yi. Emperor Jing continued to reduce punishments, and officials at all levels also received lighter sentences.

(3) Promote frugality, oppose extravagance, and reduce financial expenditures. During the reign of Emperor Wen, there were no improvements in palaces, gardens, chariots and costumes. According to historical records, Emperor Wen stopped building a terrace in order to save a hundred catties of gold. He said: "A hundred gold is the property of ten families. I am afraid of being ashamed of the palace of the late emperor, so why use the terrace?" Emperor Jing was still frugal, and he was honest with the landlords and merchants. The rising trend of extravagance will have some restrictive effect. It is indeed different from Qin Shihuang's large-scale construction projects, "Afang Palace, eight hundred miles away". What are the manifestations? The "Government of Wenjing" reduced penalties, eased conflicts, and contributed to social stability. Land rent was exempted or not collected, "governing by doing nothing", agricultural production developed, and grain prices dropped significantly. In the early Han Dynasty, one stone of grain was worth 5,000 yuan, but during Emperor Wen's reign, it was only worth tens to more than ten yuan. The development of social economy provided strong economic strength for the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

3. “Cutting down feudal vassals”

1. The feudal system in the early Han Dynasty

(1) The purpose of enfeoffment: to defend the central government and consolidate political power.

(2) The harm of enfeoffment: The power of princes and kings continued to expand, seriously threatening the rule of the central government.

2. Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty’s “Cutting down the feudal vassals”

(1) The background for the proposal of "cutting down the vassal vassal": the situation emerged where the kingdom's power was too strong to lose.

(2) Proposed by: Chao Cuo.

(3) Content: Seize some fiefdoms of the kingdom.

(4) Impact: It led to the rebellion of the seven kingdoms including Wu and Chu, which was known as the "Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms" in history.

3. Put down the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms

Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty sent troops to march eastward and quelled the rebellion. After that, it was stipulated that the kings could only collect taxes in the kingdom, and other powers were transferred to the central government.

4. Kingdom Issues

After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, Emperor Jing also imposed some restrictions on the power of the princes and kings, but it did not completely eliminate the power of the princes and kingdoms. Their potential threat to the centralization of power in the Western Han Dynasty still existed.

Review the past and learn the new

In connection with the implementation of the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty's "abolition of enfeoffment and the establishment of prefectures and counties", and the repeated "cutting down of vassals" after enfeoffing princes in the early Han Dynasty, we can summarize the reasons for the implementation of different systems in different dynasties.

Answer: The enfeoffment system was the political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Judging from the purpose, it is to consolidate the power of the slave state. Judging from the specific practice, the king of Zhou enfeoffed the royal family, heroes and nobles of the past generations to various places to become vassals and established vassal states. In essence, enfeoffment was a national system that belonged to the superstructure and was mainly used to resolve conflicts within the ruling class. The main contradiction in slave society is the contradiction between slave owners and slaves. The contradiction within the slave owner class is the secondary contradiction, but the secondary contradiction sometimes also dominates. The enfeoffment system, as the superstructure of our country's slave society, is based on the economic foundation of the well-field system. The significance of implementing the enfeoffment system is:

⑴ It summed up historical experience and organically combined the establishment of local political power with the consolidation of its own rule. In the process of enfeoffing the princes, the Zhou Dynasty also formulated a series of systems to enable the royal family to effectively control the entire territory.

⑵ The enfeoffment system enabled the unified social system to be widely implemented in the vassal states. The Zhou royal family used the provisions of rights and obligations to make the Zhou emperor a veritable king of the vassals, changing the Xia and Shang Dynasty in which the king was the leader of the vassals.

situation.

⑶ The enfeoffment system promoted the rapid development of the social history of the vassal states. A unified slavery system was established and developed in each vassal state, giving the slavery economy a basis for prosperity.

(4) The enfeoffment system accelerated the integration process of various ethnic groups. The remote vassal states that were enfeoffed gradually accepted the culture of the Central Plains. Some large vassals continued to send troops to the surrounding ethnic minorities such as Yi, Rong, and Di, and then annexed their lands and carried out cultural penetration. All the princes must obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou. All the princes have the obligation to guard the territory for the Emperor of Zhou, fight with them, pay tribute and report on their duties during the pilgrimage.

county system

1. The adoption of the county system in the Qin Dynasty was an evolution of the establishment of counties in the Qin State and Shang Yang’s Reform

Qin, as the last prince to be enfeoffed, saw the shortcomings of Zhou's feudal system: "the ministers were too heavy and the king was granted for too long, forcing the ruler from above and worrying about the people from below" ("Han Feizi·Heshi"). In addition, Qin State was located on the western border of Qin and Rong, and military needs forced Qin to set up counties to manage remote areas on the border. Chu and Jin successively established counties in the border areas, which also had an impact on Qin's establishment of counties.

2. Learn from the failures of the Western Zhou Dynasty’s feudal system

The enfeoffment system made the princes become powerful, forming a trend that could not be lost. The emperor of Zhou later became like a decoration. The princes were in constant war and the people were miserable. It can be seen that the lessons from the failure of the enfeoffment system are what we can learn from.

3. The adoption of the county system is to meet the needs of the central bureaucracy

The Qin Dynasty established the "Three Gongs and Nine Ministers" system, with the prime minister at the top and the counties at the bottom. County governors were appointed by the emperor, forming an administrative system from the central to local governments. The county system fits perfectly with this bureaucracy.

4. The need for military and local control

After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, the Huns in the north were the main threat to Qin. In order to resist the invasion of the Xiongnu, the Qin Dynasty established counties and counties in the border areas. This is because the centralized characteristics of the county and county system and its military nature can better mobilize all resources. This centralized local administrative system can well organize military forces to resist foreign invasion.

After Qin unified the six kingdoms, its territory was unprecedentedly vast, and most of it was the homeland of the six kingdoms. In order to strengthen its control over the hometown of the Six Kingdoms, Qin established counties in the capitals of the Six Kingdoms. This was also a measure to shatter the spirit of the Six Kingdoms' old people to restore their country. At the same time, it facilitated the implementation of various systems of the Qin Dynasty, better strengthened cultural and ideological control, and weakened the cultural influence of the old capitals of the Six Kingdoms.

Consolidation exercises

1. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, a large number of farmers fled to foreign lands, the treasury was empty, and the finances were difficult. The emperor's ceremonial guard team could not gather four horses of the same color, and all important ministers and dignitaries could only go out in oxcarts. In this case, the primary problem that the ruler has to solve is ( )

A. Reform the political system of the Qin Dynasty B. Restore and develop production

C. Depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism D. Put down the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion"

2. Among the following options, the one who put down the "Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms" is ( )

A. Han Gaozu B. Emperor Wen of Han

C. Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty D． Chao Cuo

3. In the early Han Dynasty, the policy of resting with the people was implemented. Try to list the measures that reflected the above policies during the periods of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty. What happened to society at that time as a result of the implementation of these measures?

Answer: (1) First, encourage production and focus on developing the agricultural economy; second, implement light corvees and small taxes to reduce the people's burden; third, promote frugality and save government expenditures; fourth, reduce penalties and abolish the law of continuous sitting and corporal punishment. There are four types of punishments for mutilating limbs: tattooing (or ink), tattooing, cutting off yuè (or cutting off toes), and palace punishment.

(2) Social stability, economic recovery, and the emergence of "Wenjing's rule".

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Update Time: 2024-11-17

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