"Europe in the Medieval Times" Medieval Asian and European Civilizations PPT Courseware 2

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"Europe in the Medieval Times" Medieval Asian and European Civilizations PPT Courseware 2

Medieval history, also called medieval history, refers to the history of the formation, development and disintegration of the feudal system. From the period hundreds of years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (AD 476), the feudal system dominated the world, until the period after the Renaissance (AD 1453), when capitalism rose. The term "medieval" began to be used by humanists in the late 15th century. There was no strong political power in Europe during this period. Feudal separatism brought frequent wars, causing the development of science and technology and productivity to stagnate, and people lived in hopeless pain. Therefore, the Middle Ages or the early Middle Ages are generally called the "Dark Ages" in Europe and the United States. Traditionally, this is the development of European civilization. A slower period.

charlie martel reform

Time: early 8th century

Content: Change the past practice of unconditionally awarding land to nobles to conditional land enfeoffment. Those who received the land had to perform military service for the feudal lord.

Changes: In the late 9th century, fiefdoms gradually became hereditary territories

Impact: Formation of a strict hierarchy within the feudal aristocracy

Establish a relationship between feudal lords and vassals tied to land

Features: My vassal's vassal, not my vassal

Fief [cài yì]: The land granted by the ancient king to the minister as a form of wealth. It is also called "cai di", "fief" and "food town". In feudal society, the monarch awarded land to his cronies, nobles, and subordinates, including farmers on the land. Those who receive such rewards must be loyal to the monarch and bear the obligation to pay tribute and provide soldiers in war; they have jurisdiction over the people in the fief and levy taxes. It was originally a lifelong possession, but later became hereditary. It was popular in China during the Zhou Dynasty and practiced in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. After the fiefdom reform, cavalry gradually replaced infantry, laying the foundation for the chivalry system in Western Europe.

The relationship between lord and vassal:

The relationship between superiors and subordinates at each level is that of lord and vassal, a master-slave relationship. The feudal master protected the vassal, and the vassal swore allegiance to the feudal master, paid tribute, and was called upon to fight in war.

How to understand the popular rule in Western European feudal society: "My vassal's vassal is not my vassal"?

After the feudal system in Western Europe was established, land was the main wealth. The king entrusted the land to the big feudal lords, and the big feudal lords gave the land to the small feudal lords. The king, feudal lords and the Christian church established a pyramid-like feudal hierarchy in which each other was master and slave through layers of enfeoffment. However, vassals were only loyal to the immediate lord and did not have any obligations to other lords, including higher-ranking lords. For example: the king is the largest feudal lord, and his power is limited to his own territory. He does not even have the authority to govern a small feudal lord that is not directly subordinate to him.

Serf: refers to a person who has his own land but no freedom;

Peasants: have their own land and freedom;

Slaves: They have neither their own land nor freedom, nor most other rights. They are "items" belonging to the master, and the master has the right to dispose of the slaves.

Bunmin: Slavery in Japan during the Yamato Period. It can only be used for gifts and cannot be bought, sold or killed at will. They have their own families and their status is slightly higher than that of slaves.

2. The re-emergence of Western European cities

In the 10th century, it began to appear in Western Europe. In the 11th century, it generally rose. In the 11th and 12th centuries, they fought for autonomy. As Engels said, cities are like "medieval flowers" blooming everywhere. The most famous cities include Venice, Genoa, and Florence in Italy, Paris in France, and London in the United Kingdom.

Please think:

1. What did the citizens’ uprising in Lang, France reflect?

As the city developed, the class conflict between citizens and feudal lords became increasingly acute.

2. Who are the main citizens? What new class gradually emerged from it?

Craftsmen, merchants, bankers; early bourgeoisie

The significance of the re-emergence of Western European cities:

Economic aspect: The city's commodity economy played a role in disintegrating the feudal system.

Political aspect: The citizen class continues to develop and grow, becoming the predecessor of the modern bourgeoisie.

In terms of ideology and culture: it gave birth to bourgeois culture and laid the foundation for the Renaissance and religious reform movements that later emerged.

(Preparing the conditions for the rise of capitalism.)

3. The demise of the Byzantine Empire

Constantinople was named after the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great in 324 AD. In 395 AD, after the division of the Roman Empire, it became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire). In 1456 AD, it became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and was renamed Istanbul. It remained until 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was established and the capital was moved to Ankara. It is now Türkiye's largest city and port. It is the only city in the world that spans Europe and Asia.

The fall of the Byzantine Empire

(1) After the 6th century, there were conquests everywhere, the wealth was exhausted and the people were impoverished, and foreign invasions continued.

(2) It was conquered by Western armies in the first half of the 13th century.

(3) In the mid-15th century, it was destroyed by the Ottoman Turks.

prosper

It has a superior geographical location, developed commerce and trade, inherits and preserves ancient Greek and Roman culture, and embraces an eclectic mix of foreign cultures.

decline

Intoxicated with existing brilliance, resting on their own laurels, disdainful of learning and absorbing the advantages and strengths of other civilizations, the Turks' attack

practice

1. The feudal system in Western Europe began to be established in ( )

A. 12th century B. 9th century

C. 11th century D. 5th century

2. It developed into a large country in Western Europe at the end of the 5th century.

A. Kingdom of England B. Kingdom of Franks

C. Germany D. Italy

3. The largest feudal landowner in Western Europe ( )

A. Noble B. Feudal king

C. Pope D. Peasant

4. The early feudal countries in Western Europe had ( )

① France ② United Kingdom ③ Germany ④ Italy ⑤ Switzerland ⑥ Finland

A.①②③④ B.②③④⑤ C.①②⑤⑥ D.③④⑤⑥

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For more information about the PPT courseware "Europe in the Medieval Era and Medieval Eurasian Civilizations", please click on the PPT tag of Medieval Eurasian and European Civilizations PPT and Europe in the Medieval Era.

"Europe in the Medieval Times" Medieval Asian and European Civilizations PPT Courseware 3:

"Europe in the Medieval Times" Medieval Asian and European Civilizations PPT Courseware 3 [Learning Objectives] 1. Take Charlemagne's reforms and Pepin's dedication as examples to understand the characteristics of the feudal hierarchy in Western Europe and the status of the Holy See. 2. Learn about the rise of Western European cities by telling the story of the Langcheng Uprising..

"Europe in the Medieval Times" Medieval Asian and European Civilizations PPT courseware:

"Europe in the Medieval Times" Medieval Eurasian Civilizations PPT courseware The hierarchy of feudal society in Western Europe Charles Martel's fief reform (land enfeoffment) Reform measures: Replace the old practice of unconditional land rewards from the king with conditional land enfeoffment. According to regulations, he was banned from...

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Update Time: 2024-11-08

This template belongs to History courseware East China Normal University Edition Ninth Grade History Volume 1 industry PPT template

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