"The Rise of Khitan and the Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty" PPT courseware 2 during the Song and Yuan Dynasties

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"The Rise of Khitan and the Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty" PPT courseware 2 during the Song and Yuan Dynasties

What situation has occurred in China since the fall of the Tang Dynasty?

The mainland is in the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

The Five Dynasties refer to the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou.

The "Ten Kingdoms" refer to the Qinling Mountains in the south, the Huaihe River in the south, and Shanxi in the north. Ten regimes including the Former Shu, Later Shu, Wuyue, Southern Tang, Southern Han, Chu, Wuyue, Fujian, Jingnan, and Northern Han have appeared successively.

1. The establishment of the Liao Dynasty

1. The establishment of the Liao Dynasty

Background, time, founder, capital

2. The expansion of the Liao Dynasty

Time: 916

Founder: Yelu Abaoji

Nationality: Khitan

Capital: Shangjing

Ruled area: Han areas extending to Hebei and Shanxi

3. Liao’s ruling policy:

(1) Governing policy: "Govern the Khitans with national systems, and govern the Han people with Han systems"

(2) Specific methods: implement the "north-south official system". The northern official system was used to rule the Khitans and other nomadic peoples. The government offices were located north of the emperor's palace and were staffed by Khitans. The southern official system was used to rule the Han people. The government offices were located south of the emperor's palace and were mainly held by Han people, with Khitan officials as well.

(3) Function: to ensure tax revenue and stabilize political rule. The rulers of the Liao Dynasty intended to continue their march southward and take over the Central Plains.

2. Unification of the Northern Song Dynasty

1. Chenqiao Mutiny: In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chenqiao Mutiny and established the Song Dynasty, with its capital in Tokyo (now Kaifeng), known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history.

Chenqiaoyi Mutiny: Seizing power by relying on military power.

"Release military power with a glass of wine": Restricting the power of generals and turning to civil rule greatly strengthened the centralization of Song Dynasty's authoritarianism.

2. The Northern Song Dynasty unified the Central Plains dynasty

When the Song Dynasty was established, the divided situation of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms had already begun to unify. Taizu of the Song Dynasty and his successors followed the policy of unifying the south first and then the north, and successively eliminated the separatist regimes in the south. In 979, the split between the Central Plains and the south was ended.

3. Basic national policies of the Song Dynasty

1. Basic national policy: emphasizing culture over military affairs

In order to prevent the recurrence of the abuses of tyrannical military generals since the late Tang Dynasty, Song Taizu deliberately used civil servants to control military and political power. The successor Song Taizong continued to adopt the policy of drafting military generals and improving the status of civilian officials, which gradually formed a pattern of civilians commanding the army. At that time, civilian officials held important central and local positions and even presided over military affairs. Their status and treatment were higher than those of military generals. Military generals were constrained in many ways. When leading troops to fight, they had to march and arrange their formations according to the "formation diagram" issued by the imperial court. This severely restricted the command authority of the unified army.

2. Song Taizu strengthened centralization of power

While carrying out the great cause of unification, Song Taizu strengthened the centralization of power. He was well aware of the long-standing shortcomings of military generals' autocratic power since the late Tang Dynasty. He first lifted the military power of the generals of the Forbidden Army and firmly controlled the army. Song Taizu also controlled the mobilization of the army, allowing the generals of the Forbidden Army to control the troops but not to send them. He also frequently changed army generals, changed defenses regularly, and cut off the generals from the soldiers and local areas, so that the soldiers did not know the generals and the generals were not specialized.

3. The Song Dynasty reformed and developed the imperial examination system

(1) Pay attention to scholars and officials

Taizu and Taizong attached great importance to literati and officials, giving them high status and preferential treatment. They could listen to their advice and discuss important affairs of government together.

(2) Develop the imperial examination system

The Song Dynasty focused on the development of cultural and educational undertakings and reformed and developed the imperial examination system. During the Song Dynasty, the number of candidates for imperial examinations was greatly increased and the status of Jinshi was improved. Jinshi not only received preferential treatment, but also were promoted quickly.

4. Song Taizu strengthened centralization of power

In the central government, in order to prevent the prime minister from having too much power, Taizu of the Song Dynasty adopted the method of dividing power and weakening the power of the prime minister. There was often more than one prime minister in the Song Dynasty. Under the prime minister, there were several people equivalent to deputy prime ministers who discussed politics together with the prime minister. Multiple agencies were also set up to divide the military, political and financial power of the prime minister.

The influence of the Song Dynasty’s emphasis on literature over military affairs

(1) Positively: The basic national policy of the Song Dynasty strengthened the imperial power and effectively maintained the stability of the regime. Subsequent emperors of the Song Dynasty generally followed this policy.

(2) Negative: the disadvantages of emphasizing culture over military affairs

The Song Dynasty implemented a policy of emphasizing culture over military affairs, which had a positive effect on the stability of the regime, but it also had a negative impact. The civil servants in charge of the army are not familiar with military affairs, and the generals are not specialized in soldiers. The soldiers are not always commanded, which leads to the weakening of the army's combat effectiveness. Civilian officials were given high priority, and a bureaucratic group with scholar-bureaucrats as the main body gradually formed. However, due to the overlapping and mutual restraint of political institutions, there were too many officials and overstaffing, which not only led to a decrease in work efficiency, but also increased the court's financial expenditure.

1. After the establishment of the Liao Dynasty, the rulers "administered the Khitan under the national system and treated the Han people under the Han system." The national system here refers to ( )

A. Official positions in the Tang Dynasty B. Khitan official system

C. Official system of the Song Dynasty D. Official system of the Han Dynasty

2. "The flames of war are raging, for fifty years, the Chenqiao Station is covered with a crown, and the crown is fixed, and the military power is given up in a glass of wine." The acting German emperor is ( )

A Qin Shi Huang B Emperor Wu of Han C Tang Taizong D Song Taizu

3. The Northern Song Dynasty selected officials to suppress the power of military generals. Civilian officials could serve as generals, while military generals were only deputy commanders, subject to the supervision and control of civilian officials. This shows that the Northern Song Dynasty government ( )

A. Adopt a national policy that emphasizes culture over military affairs B. Implement a policy that emphasizes military affairs over culture

C. Further developed the imperial examination system D. Emphasis on cultural and educational undertakings

4. Song Zhenzong planned to let Chen Yaozi, who was both civil and military, accompany the Liao envoy to shoot bows, and allowed him to be awarded a military attaché. Chen Yaozi asked his mother for instructions, and her mother scolded her with a stick: "You have established the dynasty with articles for generations, and now you are bringing shame on the family for the sake of generous salary. Can you bear it?" This reflects the Song Dynasty ( )

A has a strong sense of filial piety

B The concept of emphasizing culture over martial arts is deeply rooted

C's appearance is highly praised

D. Selection of officials pays attention to talent and learning

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"The Rise of Khitan and the Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty" PPT courseware 3 during the Song and Yuan Dynasties:

"The Rise of Khitan and the Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty" PPT courseware during the Song and Yuan Dynasties 3 1. The establishment of the Liao Dynasty 1. Time: 916 Place: Beijing Person: Yelu Abaoji (Khitan tribe) 2. Political system: Khitan was governed by the national system, and the Han system was used Waiting for the Han people 2. Unification of the Northern Song Dynasty 1. Time: 960..

"The Rise of Khitan and the Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty" PPT courseware during the Song and Yuan Dynasties:

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Update Time: 2024-09-28

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