"Ancient Religion" Ancient Eastern and Western Civilizations and Their Exchanges PPT Courseware 2

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"Ancient Religion" Ancient Eastern and Western Civilizations and Their Exchanges PPT Courseware 2

1. Buddhism

1. The emergence of Buddhism

2. Buddhist teachings

3. King Ashoka and the spread of Buddhism

Buddhism

Background: dissatisfaction with the hierarchy and acute social conflicts (opposition to Brahmin rule)

Time of creation: 6th century BC

Place of origin: ancient India

Founder: Gautama Siddhartha (Sakyamuni)

2. Buddhist teachings

① Promote "equality of all living beings" and oppose the privileged status of Brahmins.

② Promote the elimination of desires to relieve suffering, and teach people to be patient and obedient in order to enter the "land of bliss".

The most fundamental teachings of Buddhism: “Four Noble Truths”

The truth of suffering: everything experienced in life, including birth, old age, illness and death, is suffering

Collection of truths: The cause of all suffering is desire. If you have desire, you will take action. If you take action, you will create karma. If you create karma, you will not be immune to the suffering of reincarnation.

The truth of annihilation: All desires must be eliminated and the state of "Nirvana" of immortality must be eliminated in order to eliminate the causes of suffering and cut off the consequences of suffering.

The Truth of Taoism: To achieve "Nirvana" one must practice Taoism

In summary: Promote karma, advocate ascetic practice, and seek self-liberation.

Buddhism

Mahayana: Respect Tathagata Buddha as the highest god, "to save all living beings" Distribution range: northern India, Central Asia, China, Japan, North Korea and South Korea.

Theravada: no idol worship, self-transcendence Distribution range: southern India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and other places

Buddhist festivals: Buddha Bathing Festival, Enlightenment Festival, Nirvana Festival

2. Christianity

1.The emergence of Christianity

Background: The Jews suffered national ravages, and many resistances were suppressed. (The Jews have suffered for a long time and long for a "savior")

Time of production: 1st century AD

Place of origin: Palestine

Founder: Jesus (legendary)

2.Christian doctrines and classics

doctrine:

① Promote that God is the supreme ruler of the universe and that everyone is equal before God;

② Human beings are born with "original sin". Jesus is the "savior". People endure suffering and can ascend to "heaven" after death.

What kind of person was the legendary Jesus?

Legend has it that Jesus was born in a stable in Bethlehem, Palestine, on December 25. He was the biological son of God and was born to save mankind. He recruited 12 disciples and traveled around to preach. Later, Jesus was betrayed by his disciple Judas and crucified on the cross. The disciples preached that he was resurrected and ascended to heaven three days later.

What is AD?

The AD calendar takes the year Jesus was born as the starting point of time and history. It was not Jesus himself who determined this starting point, but the famous Frankish king Charlemagne. He chose this moment mainly to express his religious piety, and by no means regarded it as the beginning of civilization. In Spanish, the word AD is written as A. D is the abbreviation of Latin AnnoDomini, which means "the year of the birth of the Lord". With the spread of Christianity, AD chronology soon covered the entire Europe.

What are the Christian holidays?

1. Christmas: Christmas is the most important Christian festival. To celebrate the birth of Jesus, December 25th is set as Christmas Day every year.

2. Easter: a festival to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus.

3. Good Friday: Good Friday is a holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus.

4. Pentecost: Jesus sent the Holy Spirit to come on the 50th day after his resurrection. After receiving the Holy Spirit, the disciples began to spread the gospel to all parts of the world.

5. Thanksgiving: Thanksgiving is an American Christian customary holiday. It originated in 1621. It was originally a harvest celebration for the Puritans who immigrated to the Americas. Later, U.S. Presidents Washington and Lincoln designated this festival as a national holiday. The specific date has been determined by many times. It was changed to be held on the fourth Thursday of November from 1941 onwards.

6, Valentine’s Day

1. The Papal States Dominate Europe

Politics: The church surpassed the power of the king and became the supreme ruler of the country. The church also established feudal laws

Economy: It was the largest feudal bishop in Western Europe, owned a large amount of real estate, and became the manager and founder of markets and bazaars at that time.

Ideology and culture: monopolizes culture, education, art, etc.

The church monopolizes education and controls people's thoughts.

Social life: The influence of the Catholic Church is everywhere, and a person cannot live without the church from birth to death.

3. Islam

1. Background of the establishment of Islam

① Each tribe in Arabia has lived a nomadic life for a long time, and each has its own gods.

② Unbalanced economic development in various regions.

③ The establishment of a unified country has become the common aspiration of the Arab people.

2.The founding of Islam

Time of production: early 7th century Founder: Muhammad

Place of Origin: Mecca Classic: Quran

Doctrine: The only God in the universe is Allah.

Function: This kind of propaganda about monotheism helps break down the narrow clan boundaries and promote national unity.

3. The establishment of the Arab Empire and the spread of Islam

Religion and Superstition

Superstition generally refers to blind belief or worship in people or things. Divination, physiognomy, feng shui, fortune telling, word splitting, soul summoning, dream fulfillment, etc., which have been active for a long time in the history of our country, mostly originated or became popular in feudal society. It is customarily called feudal superstition. Religion is a social ideology, religion is a cultural phenomenon,

Religious belief and superstition do have something in common epistemologically. They both believe in and worship gods or supernatural powers. But superstition does not belong to the category of religion. Superstitious professionals just use these activities to defraud people of money as a means of making a living.

The functions of religion: 1. Unite people and enhance cohesion. 2. Promote the progress and development of human civilization.

Discuss: Facing different religions and civilizations, and facing an increasingly internationalized world, as citizens of a large country with a long history and splendid civilization, what vision and attitude should we have?

Toward one’s own religious civilization—identification, self-esteem, appreciation, and development

Respect, tolerance, appreciation, and choice for dissident religious civilizations

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Update Time: 2024-07-04

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