"The Reform Movement of 1898" The Start of Modernization PPT Courseware 3

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"The Reform Movement of 1898" The Start of Modernization PPT Courseware 3

The historical background of the Reform Movement of 1898:

necessity:

1. International situation: The development of capitalism is the general trend.

2. National crisis: After the First Sino-Japanese War, the great powers set off a frenzy to carve up China, which deepened the national crisis and made it urgent to save the nation.

possibility:

3. Economic foundation: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894, China’s national capitalism initially developed.

4. Class basis: The national bourgeoisie has entered the historical stage as a new political force.

5. Ideological basis: Early reform ideas played a certain ideological leading role in the reform.

Read the text thoroughly and try to summarize the stages of the Reform Movement of 1898

Prologue - Writing on the bus (key points)

Rise - publicity, organization

Climax - Hundred Days of Reform (Key and Difficult Points)

The end - the 1898 coup

1. Prologue - writing on the bus

"Bushushuishu" means "raising one's son to submit a letter". During the Han Dynasty, the government used public buses to transport candidates taking the imperial examinations. Later, the candidates taking the imperial examinations were called "buses".

Here, since this petition was done by Kang Youwei who organized the provincial candidates to participate in the imperial examination, it was historically known as the "public petition".

The “Bus Letter” proposed four solutions:

1. Issue an edict to encourage the world;

2. Moving the capital established the foundation of the world;

3. Training troops to strengthen the world;

4. Change the law to rule the world.

The petition was not delivered to Emperor Guangxu due to obstruction by the die-hards. However, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others printed it and distributed it throughout the country, which aroused widespread attention from people from all walks of life and promoted the development of the reform movement.

In 1895, Kang Youwei led the "Petition on the Bus", which marked the development of reform ideas from scholars discussing politics and public opinion propaganda to a political movement of social petition and patriotic salvation.

This kicked off the reform movement.

2. The Rise of the Reform Movement—Propagating the Reform Thoughts

Thinking: After the failure of the petition, the reformers did not give up. What efforts did they make?

Writing books and establishing theories, looking for the basis for reform

Continue to submit letters to win the emperor’s support

Debate the powerful and reduce resistance to reform

Organize a newspaper and stand up meeting to promote reform ideas

Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao founded the Gazette of All Nations

Later, the "Global Gazette" was renamed "China and Foreign Chronicles"

The reformers established newspapers, journals, societies, and schools in various places to promote reform ideas, create public opinion for reforms, and cultivate talents.

The reform movement gradually emerged across the country.

3. Climax - Hundred Days Reform

Kang Youwei wrote to Emperor Guangxu many times asking for reform. Emperor Guangxu was finally moved and determined to reform and strengthen himself.

On June 11, 1898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated an edict to "define the state's affairs," declaring that "reform is the purpose of the order, Western learning is the pursuit of the subjects, the state is the state, and the direction of the public is determined..."

Contents of the Hundred Days Restoration

Political aspects

Broaden the channels of expression and allow people to write letters and express opinions; streamline the organization and eliminate redundant staff.

economic aspect

Protect agriculture, industry and commerce and promote the establishment of industries.

cultural aspects

Reform the imperial examination system and abolish the eight-part essay;

Encourage the establishment of schools,

Founded the Capital University;

Promote running newspapers, translating books, and studying abroad

Military aspect

Reorganize the army and navy, reduce redundant troops, adopt new training methods, and enhance coastal defense capabilities

What do you think of the content of the reform? In addition to the functions mentioned above, are there any shortcomings?

Which class interests are served?

Whose interests are harmed?

As a reform movement that was personally supported and initiated by the emperor and supported by so many scholars, could it succeed in the end? Do you think the reform can be implemented?

4. The End—The 1898 Coup

Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) launched the 1898 Coup on September 21, 1898, imprisoned Guangxu, arrested the reformers (killed the 1898 Six Gentlemen), abolished the reform measures (only retained the Capital University Hall), and the 1898 Reform failed.

"Reforms in various countries are all caused by bloodshed. Today, China has not heard of anyone who shed blood due to reforms. This is why this country is not prosperous! If there is, please start from the same heir!

——Tan Sitong

"If you have the intention to kill a thief, you will be unable to save yourself. If you die well, be happy!"

——Tan Sitong

Exploration activity: Why did the Reform Movement of 1898 fail?

Objective reasons: obstruction and destruction by stubborn feudal forces. Although the old feudal forces have gradually decayed and declined, they still have powerful destructive power for the reform and reform.

Subjective reasons:

1. The bourgeois reformists are weak and lack the courage to fight;

2. The reformers themselves lacked strength and viewed the reform reforms as too simple, thinking that they could be achieved by relying on an emperor without real power;

3. Emperor Guangxu and the reformers lacked experience in fighting, the implementation of the reform was hasty, and the government decrees were issued too hastily;

4. Place illusions on feudal reactionary forces and great powers;

5. Isolated from the broad masses of the people and failed to gain support from the masses.

The fundamental reason: China's national capitalism has not yet been fully developed, the bourgeoisie is still very weak, and the feudal conservative forces are relatively strong in China.

Conclusion: The bourgeois reform path will not work in China!

The significance of the Hundred Days Reform (1898 Reform):

1. Nature: a top-down bourgeois reform movement.

2. Essence: the struggle between the bourgeoisie and feudal forces.

3. Meaning:

① It is conducive to the development of Chinese national capitalism and the spread of Western science and technology.

② It is conducive to the participation of Chinese capitalist intellectuals in political power.

③ The Reform Movement of 1898 was also an ideological enlightenment movement, which played an important role in promoting social progress and the development of ideological and cultural development.

Although the Reform Movement of 1898 was extremely short-lived and achieved very few results, it was actually the first chapter of the history of China in the 20th century. ——Liang Qichao

Main representatives of the reform movement

Kang Youwei (1858~~1927), also known as Zuyi, courtesy name Guangsha, Hao Changsu, also known as Mingyi, Gengxi, Xiqiaoshanren, Youcunsou, Tianyouhuaren, in his later years he was also named Tianyouhuaren , a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, known as "Kang Nanhai", was a Jinshi during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, and was officially appointed as the head of the Ministry of Industry. He was born into a noble family in Guangdong. He was a Confucian scholar for generations and passed down Neo-Confucianism to his family. A famous politician, thinker, social reformer, calligrapher and scholar in modern times, he believed in Confucius' Confucianism and was committed to transforming Confucianism into a state religion that could adapt to modern society. He once served as the president of the Confucian Church. He is the author of "Kangzi Pian", "Xinxue Apocrypha", etc.

Liang Qichao (1873~~1929) was a famous political activist, Enlightenment thinker, bourgeois propagandist, educator, historian and writer in modern Chinese history. One of the leaders of the Hundred Days Reform (1898 Reform). He once advocated the "revolution in the poetry world" and the "revolution in the novel world" of stylistic reform. His works are compiled into "The Ice Drinking Room Collection".

Tan Sitong (1865~~1898), Han nationality, native of Liuyang, Hunan, was a famous politician, thinker and reformist among China's modern bourgeoisie. He advocated that China could become strong only by developing national industry and commerce and learning the political system of the Western bourgeoisie. Publicly proposed reforms and reforms such as abolishing the imperial examinations, building schools, exploring mineral deposits, building railways, setting up factories, and reforming the official system. Write articles criticizing the Qing government's traitorous surrender policy. He was killed after the failure of the reform in 1898. He was only 33 years old and was known to the world as one of the "Six Gentlemen of 1898".

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"Reform of 1898" PPT courseware download:

Download the PPT courseware of "The Reform Movement of 1898" Part One: Learning Objectives Knowledge Objectives Through the study of this lesson, students will understand basic knowledge such as the letter to the public, the Hundred Days Reform, and the 1898 Revolution. Emotional goals: By learning the progressive stance of reformers and their plans for reform...

"Reform of 1898" PPT download:

The first part of the PPT download of "The Reform Movement of 1898": Learning objectives 1. Understand the early reform thoughts and the reform thoughts of the main representatives He Kang and Liang; 2. Be familiar with the letter on the bus, "China and Foreign Chronicles", Qiang Xue Xue, "Ying Zhao Coordinating the Overall situation" "Zhe" and other knowledge points; 3. Master...

"Reform of 1898" PPT courseware:

"The Reform Movement of 1898" PPT courseware The first part of the content: Reform Reform Leadership class and faction: bourgeois reformists Leaders: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, Yan Fu Rise: petition on the bus, development, organization of societies, founding of newspapers and periodicals Climax: Hundred Days of Reform (1898 Reform...

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Update Time: 2024-09-02

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