"Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union" The world during the Cold War PPT

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"Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union" The world during the Cold War PPT

Part One: Dramatic Changes in Eastern Europe

1. Serious social crises in Eastern European countries (background)

Why are there serious social crises in Eastern European countries? What are the consequences?

background

Most of the Eastern European countries were liberated by the Soviet Union during World War II and were deeply influenced and controlled by the Soviet Union after the war.

The Stalin model is not in line with the national conditions of Eastern European countries and hinders independent development

Some Eastern European countries carried out reforms but failed to achieve significant results, but were accused of interference by the Soviet Union.

In the 1980s, large-scale foreign debts were incurred, fiscal deficits increased sharply, economic development slowed down, people's living standards dropped significantly, social unrest and crises intensified.

2. Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe, their essence and manifestations

What is the drastic change in Eastern Europe?

When did the drastic changes in Eastern Europe occur?

1. Upheaval:

Losing power in a short period of time

Fundamental changes in social systems

2: Time: 1989 to 1990

3. The process of drastic change:

Economic difficulties lead to political crisis

The ruling party compromised and backed down, while the opposition gained momentum

Opposition seizes power

4． Ways to seize power: peaceful ways with free elections

Emergencies and bloodshed (Romania)

Manifestations of drastic changes in Eastern Europe

Politically: implement parliamentary democracy and multi-party system;

Economically: implement a market economy based on privatization;

Military: Join NATO one after another.

3.Causes of drastic changes in Eastern Europe

Historical reasons: being controlled by the Soviet Union for a long time, copying the Soviet model, resulting in many mistakes and problems

Internal reasons:

Economically (the old system has not been fundamentally reformed and has little effect)

Political aspects (a highly centralized political system leads to the expansion of bureaucracy)

External causes:

Soviet factors (promoting Gorbachev’s reforms)

Western factors (long-term promotion of "peaceful evolution" strategy)

Peaceful evolution is a "beyond containment strategy" adopted by Western capitalist countries towards socialist countries to promote the collapse of socialist countries. "Peaceful evolution" is a non-violent process of derivative change. When Western capitalist countries cannot eliminate socialist countries by using force to invade, they use technological exchanges, cultural exchanges and other methods to influence the psychology and behavior of people in socialist countries, thereby changing the way of life and state operations in socialist countries. become capitalist, thus quietly eliminating the socialist countries.

Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union PPT, part 2: The disintegration of the Soviet Union

1. Gorbachev’s reforms exacerbated the social crisis

Gorbachev's reforms - background

①The living standards of the Soviet Russian people dropped from fifth in Europe in 1917 to 88th in the world in 1985. Civilian industrial products are very backward in technology and of poor quality.

② Under the highly centralized political system, the cadre appointment system and tenure system formed a bureaucratic elite group in the Soviet Union... with rigid ideas and corruption and bribery. The people's dissatisfaction with the Communist Party is growing day by day.

③Russia started by expansion, has many ethnic groups, and its development is extremely uneven. The Soviet Union implemented a high-pressure policy of assimilation towards ethnic minorities. The Stalinist period adopted policies of repression and forced relocation.

④ After World War II, out of the need to compete with the United States for hegemony, the country engaged in an arms race in an irrational manner, resulting in military expenditures reaching a quarter of national income and a heavy burden.

In the mid-to-late 1980s, the highly centralized political and economic system formed since the Stalin period had accumulated increasingly serious drawbacks and contradictions. Civilian industrial products were technologically backward and of poor quality. The Soviet Union experienced a crisis situation of social unrest, economic stagnation, and people's living standards continued to decline.

Gorbachev's reforms

1. Content:

A. 1985-1988, economic reform, implementation of "accelerated development strategy" → one-sided development of heavy industry;

B． After 1988, political reforms

①Guiding ideology: humane and democratic socialism;

②Reform method: democratization, openness, and indulgence of liberal ideas;

③Change the status of the party: political diversification, implementation of multi-party system and presidential system;

④In August 1991, the "Treaty on the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics" was announced;

C. external relations

"New thinking" diplomacy: ease relations with the West, proactively withdraw troops from Eastern Europe, and encourage change

2. Result:

The failure of economic reform led to economic recession; it deviated from the socialist path; the tendency of ethnic separatism intensified; and it fundamentally shook the leadership position of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the country.

2. "August 19" Incident (1991)

The "August 19th Incident" on August 19, 1991

In the early morning of August 19, 1991, Soviet Vice President Yanayev and eight other people placed Gorbachev under house arrest and declared that President Gorbachev was unable to perform his duties due to health reasons, and that the country had entered a state of emergency and that he would take over the presidential duties. exercise and attempt to seize the supreme power of the country.

With the support of Western countries, Yeltsin, the leader of the "democratic faction" and President of the Russian Federation of the Soviet Union, announced that he would take over all Soviet troops in Russia and asked the military and civilians to oppose the coup. Under domestic and foreign pressure, the coup failed in less than 60 hours.

But after that, the situation in the Soviet Union took a turn for the worse. Yeltsin and his supporters quickly took control of the country until the Soviet Union completely disintegrated.

3. The "Alma-Ata Declaration" was issued and the Soviet Union collapsed.

Time: December 8, 1991

Location: Almaty, the capital of Kazakhstan

In March 1990, Lithuania took the lead in announcing its separation from the Soviet Union. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of Russia's Yeltsin, Ukraine's Kravchuk, and Belarus's Shushkevich signed an agreement announcing the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. U.S. President George Herbert Walker Bush ("Old Bush" served as President of the United States from 1989 to 1993) was notified first, and then Gorbachev was notified.

The "Commonwealth of Independent States" is a federation of countries, not a country. Later it was expanded to 12 former Soviet republics except Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

Reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union:

1. The fundamental reason—the highly centralized political and economic system of the Soviet Union

2. Direct cause – Gorbachev’s mistakes in reforms

3. Internal reasons - the Communist Party did not do a good job in its own construction. The struggle for hegemony and arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union brought down the Soviet economy.

4. External reasons – the West’s strategy of peaceful evolution and the influence of Western forces

5. Ideological reasons - the spread of anti-Marxist thoughts

4. Impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union

The impact of drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union

① Change the political structure of Europe (collapse of the bipolar structure of the world);

② Accelerated the splitting process of European federal states characterized by ethnic groups (such as the split of Yugoslavia);

③ Accelerating the process of European integration, creating conditions for the expansion of the EU and NATO, and also providing a prerequisite for Europe to get rid of the United States and become an independent force;

④ It has dealt a serious blow to the world socialist cause and made the socialist movement face greater difficulties.

Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union PPT, part three: historical lessons

What lessons have the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union brought to my country's socialist construction?

(1) Emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts, proceed from the country's national conditions, combine the universal principles of Marxism with the country's specific practices, and explore a path to building socialism suitable for the country's national conditions.

(2) Building socialism must center on economic construction, vigorously develop social productive forces, and continuously improve the people's material and cultural living standards.

(3) Socialist countries must continue to deepen reforms to liberate productive forces. At the same time, the party's leadership and socialist direction must be adhered to in the reform, and the guiding position of Marxism must be unwavering.

(4) We must pay attention to domestic ethnic issues and correctly handle ethnic relations. We must pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, refrain from hegemonism, and oppose power politics.

(5) We must strengthen the construction of socialist democracy and the legal system to ensure economic construction; we must do a good job in the self-construction of the ruling party and adhere to the party's mass line.

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"Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union" PPT courseware on the world during the Cold War:

"Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union" PPT courseware for the world during the Cold War. Part 1: Gorbachev's reforms ①The living standards of the Soviet people dropped from fifth in Europe in 1917 to 88th in the world in 1985. Civilian industrial products are very backward in technology and of poor quality. ②High...

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Update Time: 2024-11-21

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