"Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)" The spread and development of ancient civilization PPT courseware

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"Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)" The spread and development of ancient civilization PPT courseware

Reading and Thinking

What are the early writings of mankind? When did it emerge in which areas, what are its characteristics, and what kind of evolution did it undergo later?

1. Ancient and mysterious words

1. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs

Formation time: around 3000 BC

Place of inscription: temple walls, religious monuments, papyrus

Main users: monks, scribes

Impact: had an important impact on future alphabetic writing

3. Cuneiform writing

The Sumerians used a "pen" with a triangular head made of a reed pole or a wooden stick, and carved it on a soft clay tablet to form a thick stroke at one end and a thin stroke at the other, resembling a wedge, so it was called cuneiform.

Siddhartha Gautama was born in southern Nepal today. He was a prince of the Sakya tribe and belonged to the Kshatriya caste. At the age of 29, he left his parents, wife and children and became a monk to practice Taoism. After seven years of meditation, he finally achieved enlightenment under a Bodhi tree, reached the supreme spiritual realm and became a "Buddha". Buddhists respectfully call him Sakyamuni, which means "the saint of the Sakyamuni tribe". "Tathagata" and "Mahayung" in the Mahavira Hall in Chinese Buddhist temples are both his titles. Sakyamuni traveled to central India to recruit disciples and died at the age of 80. After Sakyamuni's body was cremated, the ashes formed into a number of particles, which are called "relics" in Buddhism.

"Four Noble Truths"

The truth of suffering: everything experienced in life, including birth, old age, illness and death, is suffering

Collection of truths: The cause of all suffering lies in desire. If there is desire, there will be action. If there is action, there will be karma (which is commonly known as sin). If you create karma, you will not be immune to the suffering of reincarnation.

The truth of annihilation: All desires must be eliminated and the state of "Nirvana" of immortality must be eliminated in order to eliminate the causes of suffering and cut off the consequences of suffering.

The Truth of Taoism: To achieve "Nirvana" one must practice Taoism

Buddhism

Theravada religion: does not worship idols and advocates self-transcendence

(Southern Buddhism) Southern India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and other places

Mahayana: respect Tathagata Buddha as the highest god, "to save all living beings"

(Northern Buddhism) Northern India, Central Asia, China, Japan, Korea, and Korea

Christian teachings include the following:

1. The Ten Commandments. You shall have no other gods before me; you shall not make for yourself any graven image or worship it; you shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain; you shall keep the Sabbath day holy; you shall honor your father and your mother; you shall not murder; you shall not commit adultery; you shall not steal; you shall not steal. Bear false witness against others; do not covet other people’s wives and property.

2. Trinity. This is one of the basic tenets of Christianity. Believe that God is one but has three "persons", namely the Father; the Son - Jesus Christ; and the Holy Spirit - the Holy Spirit of God. The three are one entity, but have three different persons.

3. Believe in original sin. This is the basis of Christian ethics. It is believed that the sin committed by Adam and Eve, the ancestors of mankind, by eating forbidden fruit was passed on to future generations and became the root of all human evil. Man is born with this original sin, in addition to committing various "original sins" against God's will. Man cannot save himself, but must rely on the redemption of Jesus Christ. Therefore, the theory of original sin gradually developed into the Western "guilt culture" and had a profound impact on the psychology and values ​​of Europeans and Americans.

4. Believe in salvation. Mankind cannot save itself because of original sin and original sin. It relies on God to send His only begotten Son, Jesus Christ, to come into the world to be a sacrifice for mankind, becoming a "ransom" and repaying God's debt for mankind, thus saving all mankind.

5. Justification by faith. Mankind is saved by faith and is a necessary condition for becoming righteous before God.

6. Believe in the Kingdom of Heaven and eternal life. Human life is limited, but the human soul will be reborn through faith, and can be saved by God and gain eternal life, and find eternal happiness in the kingdom of God, the kingdom of heaven.

7. Believe in hell and eternal punishment. If a person does not believe or repent, he will be punished by God forever and will be tortured in hell.

8. Believe in the last days. It is believed that at the end of the world, human beings, including the dead, will undergo the final judgment before God. The innocent people will enter heaven, while the guilty people will go to hell.

Religious Obligations of Muslims:

1. A profession of faith, reciting "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God." When a Muslim baby is born, these are the first words he hears; when a Muslim dies, these are the last words he utters.

2. Faithful Muslims must pray to the Kaaba Temple five times a day according to the prescribed rituals (dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, and night); public worship is held every Friday.

3. Every Muslim is required to pay zakah, which is giving away money. It was originally stipulated as a voluntary act of charity, but later required everyone to pay 1/40 of their property to relieve the poor, build mosques, and pay government expenses. Zakat is administered by the central finance department and is actually a national tax.

4． Muslims must fast in the prescribed month (Ramadan - September of the Islamic calendar) every year, that is, abstain from eating and drinking all day long from dawn to sunset.

5. Every Muslim, regardless of gender, must make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in his life as long as he is in good health, has a safe journey, can pay for his own travel expenses, and his family members are well-off.

Can you name the festivals and customs associated with the world's three major religions?

Buddhism: Buddha Bathing Festival, Enlightenment Festival, Nirvana Festival

Christianity: Easter, Christmas

Islam: Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha

Christmas

December 25th every year is a traditional festival in the church calendar. It is a celebration day for Christians to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. At Christmas, most Catholic churches will first celebrate Christmas Eve on December 24th, which is December 25th. Midnight Mass is held in the early morning of December 25th, and some Christian churches will hold good news and then celebrate Christmas on December 25th; while the other major branch of Christianity, the Orthodox Church, celebrates Christmas on January 7th every year. .

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"Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)" The Spread and Development of Ancient Civilization PPT Courseware 8:

"Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)" The Spread and Development of Ancient Civilization PPT Courseware 8 Learning Objectives 1. Knowledge Objectives: Two scientists, Archimedes and Aristotle, wrote three famous works, "Homer's Epic" and "Russia" King Dipus" and "Arabian Nights" are two famous writers...

"Ancient Science and Technology and Thought and Culture (2)" The Spread and Development of Ancient Civilization PPT Courseware 7:

"Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)" The Spread and Development of Ancient Civilization PPT Courseware 7 Review the past and learn the new 1. The writing used by the ancient Egyptians is ( ) A. Oracle b． Cuneiform writing C. Phoenician letter D. Hieroglyphics 2. To check out the most primitive ancient West Asian...

"Ancient Science and Technology and Thought and Culture (2)" The Spread and Development of Ancient Civilization PPT Courseware 6:

"Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)" The Propagation and Development of Ancient Civilization PPT Courseware 6 Course Standards Understand the famous ancient Greek epic "Homer" and the tragedy "Oedipus the King"; understand the collection of Arabian folk tales "Arabian Nights" "; Get to know the brilliant scientist Archimi...

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Update Time: 2024-10-18

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