"The historical turning point of Russia and Japan" The struggle of the proletariat and the strengthening of bourgeois rule PPT courseware 5

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"The historical turning point of Russia and Japan" The struggle of the proletariat and the strengthening of bourgeois rule PPT courseware 5

From the mid-17th century to the mid-19th century, which countries had established and consolidated bourgeois power?

UK, US, France

In the process of completing the historical transition of these three countries, wars broke out and violent methods were used. When the bourgeois regime was established and consolidated, because they were politically more advanced than the feudal system; they made many scientific and technological inventions; they became rich economically; people's living standards improved rapidly... they demonstrated all-round superiority. The trend of the capitalist era has formed, and all countries in the world will inevitably be involved.

Learning objectives: Be able to memorize the main content, nature and historical significance of the 1861 reform. An overview of Russia's expansion in Europe and Asia from the 16th to the 19th century. The political and economic conditions of Japan before the fall of the Tokugawa era; the invasion of Western powers; the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa era; the content and impact of the Meiji Restoration. Cultivate the ability to observe historical events using comparative methods.

Learning focus: First, the Russian Reform of 1861 and its historical significance; second, Japan’s Meiji Restoration and its historical significance.

Learning difficulties: Perceive the tremendous changes that these two reforms brought about in Japanese and Russian society, thus becoming a major turning point in the history of the country; learn to comprehensively and correctly evaluate historical events by exploring "the progress and limitations of Russia's 1861 reforms" Methods.

Self-learning:

1. What was the development of capitalism in Russia in the mid-19th century?

Answer: Development is slow and lags behind other countries.

Why?

Answer: Because of the obstacles of serfdom.

2. How did serfdom hinder the development of capitalism in Russia?

Answer: ① Serfs have no personal freedom, which makes capitalist industry lack a large amount of free labor force. They have no enthusiasm for work and their production efficiency is extremely low.

② The living standards of serfs were low, which affected the expansion of the domestic market.

What measures did Russia take in the face of the crisis?

content

1. Serfs are legally "free persons", and landlords cannot buy or sell serfs or interfere with their lives;

2. Serfs could get a piece of land, but they had to pay a high ransom to redeem the land.

How do you evaluate the Russian serfdom reform of 1861?

① Nature: It is a top-down bourgeois reform implemented by the tsar;

②Function: Objectively promoted the development of Russian capitalism;

③Limitations: The reform was very incomplete and retained a large number of feudal remnants.

How to correctly evaluate Russia’s 1861 reforms?

1. Nature: Top-down bourgeois reforms implemented by feudal rulers.

2. Progressive nature - the reform abolished feudal serfdom and put Russia on the path of capitalist development. It was a major turning point in Russian history. (Capital, domestic market, labor force)

3. Limitations - ① Retaining a large number of feudal remnants mainly refers to the retention of the tsarist autocratic system and feudal land ownership. ② The "alloted land" obtained by farmers was small in area and of poor quality. When they obtained the "allotted land", they had to pay to redeem it. The redemption price was several times higher than the land price at that time. Russia sacrificed the interests of farmers in exchange for the development of capitalism, which had a great negative impact on the development of Russian history. It resulted in long-term poverty of Russian farmers, low purchasing power, and a small domestic market, which affected the further development of capitalism. This reform was a large-scale plunder of the peasants.

Japan's Meiji Restoration

1. The crisis of shogunate rule

① In a closed and backward feudal country, the power of the emperor has fallen to the side, and the shogun has the real power.

② Western powers invaded and intensified domestic conflicts

③Some middle- and lower-level samurai advocated overthrowing the shogunate by force

2. The shogunate was overthrown (1868)

2. Meiji Restoration

1. Purpose:

Consolidate the rule of the Meiji government, enrich the country and strengthen the army

How to evaluate Japan’s Meiji Restoration (progressivity, limitations)

1. Putting Japan on the path of developing capitalism

2. Getting rid of the fate of becoming a semi-colony was a major turning point in Japan’s history.

3. embarked on the path of militarism of foreign aggression and expansion

4. Retain a large number of feudal remnants

3. Impact:

Positive: The Meiji Restoration promoted the progress of Japanese society and enabled it to get rid of its national crisis. From then on, it embarked on the path of developing capitalism and became the most powerful country in Asia.

Negative: retaining a large number of feudal remnants, embarking on a path of external colonial expansion, and becoming a new threat to peace in Asia.

Similarities between Japan’s Meiji Restoration and Russia’s 1861 Reform:

(1) The era is the same: both happened in the 1860s.

(2) The nature is the same: they are all top-down bourgeois reforms.

(3) The result is the same (progressive): embarking on the path of developing capitalism through reform.

(4) Limitations: It retained the remnants of feudalism and embarked on the path of foreign aggression and expansion.

Detection Reflection

1. “When the peasants gained ‘freedom’, they had already been deprived of everything.” Lenin’s words were his evaluation of that revolution ( )

A.Shang Yang’s Reform B.Wuxu Reform

C.Meiji Restoration D.Russian Reform of 1861

2. Which of the following statements about the Meiji Restoration is correct ( )

① "Abolish feudal vassals and establish counties" to strengthen centralization of power ② Encourage the development of modern industry ③ Serfs can get a piece of land when they are "liberated" ④ Promote "civilization and enlightenment" and seek knowledge in the world

A.①②③④ B. ②③④ C. ①②④ D. ①②③

3. The country that embarked on the path of capitalist development through reforms in the mid-19th century is ( )

①Japan ②UK ③France ④Russia

A. ①②③④ B. ①③ C. ①④ D. ②③

10. Collaborative exploration

In the mid-to-late 19th century, the trend of world history was to develop capitalism, and reforms requiring changes in social systems took place in Japan and China.

(1) What are the reforms Japan and China require to change their social systems?

(2) What are the similarities in the reform backgrounds of the two countries?

(3) How are the results of the reform different? What different impacts have they had on the historical development of this country?

(4) What understanding do we get from this?

(1) Japan’s Meiji Restoration and China’s Reform Movement of 1898.

(2) Background: All are facing a national crisis

(3) Difference in results: Japan’s Meiji Restoration succeeded, but China’s Reform Movement of 1898 failed.

Differences in influence: The Meiji Restoration put Japan on the path of developing capitalism; it got rid of its national crisis and became the only powerful country in modern Asia; China's Reform Movement of 1898 played a role in ideological enlightenment.

(4) Understanding: Reform must conform to the trend of historical development; in order to make the country rich, thorough reform must be carried out.

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