"The Power of Science and Thought" Brilliant Modern Culture PPT Courseware 5

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"The Power of Science and Thought" Brilliant Modern Culture PPT Courseware 5

1. Thinking that leads the times - the Enlightenment

1.Background

●Feudal autocracy and the church control people’s thoughts

●The rapid development of capitalism

●The development of natural sciences

2. Representative figures

Voltaire (1694-1778)

Recognized leader of the French Enlightenment in the 18th century.

I don’t agree with every word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

Mankind's most precious possession - freedom. ——Voltaire

A. Voltaire’s thoughts:

Material 1: The pope is a "devil-like liar" and a "bipedal beast", while priests and bishops are "despicable hooligans". The history of Catholicism is the history of crimes against humanity, the enemy of human reason, an obstacle to the progress of history, and the "root of evil." ——Voltaire

Material 2: This is the point that British legal system has reached: giving everyone natural rights, which in almost all (other) monarchical governments, they are deprived of these rights.

What can we glean from these pieces of material about Voltaire’s claims?

1. Criticize the theocracy of the feudal church

2. Oppose monarchy and advocate constitutional monarchy

Material 3: When you go to bed and wake up the next day, your property is still the same as yesterday, without any change; you will not be dragged out from the arms of your wife or the embrace of your children in the middle of the night. Castle, or exile in the desert; when you are thoughtful, you have the right to express all your thoughts; when you are accused, or write an article that causes trouble, you can only be judged according to the law, etc. - Voltaire's "Philosophical Correspondence" 》

Material 4: I don’t agree with every word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to speak.

Material 5: "...Are the sons of peasants born with rings around their necks, and the sons of nobles born with spurs on their legs?... All people who enjoy natural rights are obviously equal. ...Except for those under the law Without relying on anything else, this is what a free man is.”

What can we glean from these pieces of material about Voltaire’s claims?

3. Promote "natural human rights", freedom and equality

4. Believe that the law is based on human nature and that everyone is equal before the law.

B. Rousseau’s thoughts:

Material: Everyone has the right to freedom and equality regardless of their origin. People should freely enter into social contracts and form a state. There should be a "common will" in society that everyone abides by. The social contract is the expression of the common will and represents the rights and freedoms of all people. This is the supreme people's sovereignty, which is inviolable, not transferable, unrestricted, and not allowed to be divided. In order to safeguard this sovereignty, everyone must be equal before the law, including equality in legislation, judiciary, law-abiding, legal protection and legal sanctions. ——Rousseau

From these materials, what can we understand about Rousseau’s propositions?

(1) Natural human rights

(2) Social contract theory

(3) Popular sovereignty (the people have the right to overthrow the ruler)

3. Main idea

Voltaire

① Oppose the feudal autocratic system and advocate the rule of an enlightened monarch;

② Emphasis on freedom and equality;

③Criticize the Catholic Church.

Rousseau

① Negate the feudal royal power;

② Put forward the "theory of people's sovereignty".

Montesquieu

①Advocate the separation of powers;

②Advocate for natural human rights.

common ground

①They all oppose the feudal autocratic system;

②They all pursue freedom, equality, and democracy.

2. Pursuing the path of science—scientific revolution

1.Three major scientists

newton

Nationality: British

Contribution: Discovered the law of universal gravitation, created calculus, and established a complete mechanical system.

Status: One of the founders of modern natural science.

darwin

Nationality: British

Contribution: Author of "The Origin of Species" and proposed the idea of ​​"evolution".

Status: Founder of the modern theory of biological evolution.

What are the reasons for the great achievements of modern science and technology?

1. The emergence and development of capitalism (fundamental causes)

2. Freedom of thought (an important factor).

3. Scientists’ diligence, practice, and innovation. (personal reason)

From the development process of modern capitalism, we can summarize what are the important factors that promote human progress?

1. Scientific progress

2. Liberation of thoughts

3. Innovation of political system

4. Progress of democracy and legal system

5. Innovation in production technology

6.The role of outstanding figures

7. The power of the people...

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"Science and the Power of Thought" Brilliant Modern Culture PPT Courseware 7:

"Science and the Power of Thought" Brilliant Modern Culture PPT Courseware 7 Content Standards 1. Understand the basic propositions of Voltaire and others, and have a preliminary understanding of the relationship between ideological emancipation and social progress. 2. Briefly describe the main achievements of Newton, Darwin, Einstein and others, and understand scientists..

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"Science and the Power of Thought" Brilliant Modern Culture PPT Courseware 6 1. The fire of ideological enlightenment (1) What are the conditions for the rise of the Enlightenment Movement? (2) Who is the representative figure of the Enlightenment? What is their main point? (3) The influence of the European Enlightenment is...

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"Science and the Power of Thought" Brilliant Modern Culture PPT Courseware 4 Voltaire, the modern French enlightenment thinker, opposed the feudal autocracy, criticized the Catholic Church, was governed by an enlightened monarch, and emphasized the freedom and equality of the bourgeoisie. Rousseau denied the feudal royal power and the people had the right push..

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Update Time: 2024-09-09

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