"The Strengthening of Monarchy in the Ming Dynasty" The consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country and the crisis of society PPT courseware 4

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"The Strengthening of Monarchy in the Ming Dynasty" The consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country and the crisis of society PPT courseware 4

1. Measures taken by Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty to strengthen his monarchy

1.The establishment of the Ming Dynasty

Time: 1368

Founder: Zhu Yuanzhang

Capital: Nanjing (1368-1421)

Beijing (1421-1644)

Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398), the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Taizu, was a native of Zhongli, Haozhou (now a native of Fengyang, Anhui). When he was young, he herded cattle for the landlord, and later became a monk in Huangjue Temple. In 1351, the Red Scarf Army uprising broke out. The following year, Zhu Yuanzhang defected to the troops of Guo Zixing, the Haozhou uprising army. After that, he made many military exploits and was regarded as a confidant by Guo Zixing. After Guo Zixing's death, Zhu Yuanzhang led this uprising force. After wiping out the separatist forces in various places and the remaining forces of the Yuan Dynasty in the Central Plains, in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (today's Nanjing) and established the Ming Dynasty.

2. Measures to strengthen monarchy

(1) Political aspect: Reform the administrative structure and strengthen monarchy: at the central level, abolish the prime minister and divide power into six ministries; at the local level, abolish the Zhongshu Province and establish three departments

(2) Judicial aspect: Establishing a secret service agency

(3) Ideological aspects: Eight-part essay to select scholars

Factory Security Agent

Function: The "Jinyi Guards" are composed of the emperor's personal bodyguards and are under the direct command of the emperor. It is responsible for reconnaissance, arrests and interrogations. Dongchang was established during the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty. It was composed of the emperor's trusted eunuchs and was also under the direct control of the emperor.

Features: Directly commanded by the emperor and not subject to legal constraints.

What was the purpose of the Ming Dynasty's first factory guard spy agency? What is its impact?

In order to further strengthen the control over officials and people. (direct purpose)

Consolidate imperial power and strengthen autocratic rule. (The fundamental purpose)

Impact: The factory guard agency became a reliable institution for the autocratic imperial power, further strengthening the imperial power.

history and reality

Connected with reality, based on your legal knowledge, which rights of citizens do you think the spy agency Jinyiwei has violated? What impact has it had on society?

It violates people's rights to personal freedom, equality, political rights, reputation rights, etc.

The establishment of the Jinyiwei, a secret service agency, was conducive to the emperor's surveillance and investigation of his subjects, and strengthened the monarch's power. It played a certain role in maintaining centralization of power; however, this kind of spy rule made the subjects fearful all day long, obeying orders, doing everything step by step, and not seeking progress; at the same time, this approach also caused serious damage to the law. The judiciary cannot play its due role.

3. Eight-part essay to get scholars

What is eight-part essay to get scholars?

Examinations in the Ming Dynasty were only allowed to ask questions within the scope of the Four Books and the Five Classics. Candidates had to answer based on the views of the classics and were not allowed to express themselves freely. Candidates' compositions must include eight fixed parts. This kind of imperial examination with eight-legged essay writing as the main content is called "eight-legged essay to obtain scholars."

What is the reason why Ming Dynasty implemented the Eight-legged Writing System to recruit scholars?

This was an ideological measure taken by the Ming Dynasty to strengthen the monarchy.

What impact will the eight-part essay recruiting scholars have? How is it similar to Qin’s burning of books and entrapment of Confucians?

Impact: It made the imperial examination more standardized, and examiners had relatively fixed marking standards. However, the eight-part essay form is rigid and rigid, and the content is outdated and empty, which seriously constrains the candidates' thinking.

2. Battle of Jingnan and moving the capital to Beijing

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, in order to consolidate his rule, Zhu Yuanzhang assigned his descendants to various places as vassal kings, and also granted them military and political power. This resulted in the increasing power of the vassal kings in various places. After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Emperor Jianwen who succeeded him began to implement the policy of reducing vassal vassals, which eventually led to the revolt of Yan King Zhu Di.

Zhu Di (1360-1424), the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The fourth son of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang was born in Yingtian (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). In 1370, he was granted the title of King of Yan and his fiefdom was in Peiping (today's Beijing). He was ordered to participate in northern military activities many times and led the northern expedition twice, which strengthened his influence in the northern army. In Zhu Yuanzhang's later years, Prince Zhu Biao, King Zhu � of Qin, and King Zhu � of Jin died successively. Zhu Di became the head of the kings not only in terms of military strength but also in terms of family order. After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Emperor Jianwen Zhu Yun who succeeded him Implementing the reduction of vassal status, Zhu Di launched the Jingnan Campaign in 1399, invaded Nanjing in 1402, and seized the throne. In the second year, it was changed to Yuan Dynasty Yongle (1403-1424).

Zhu Di's measures to strengthen monarchy

(1) Change Peking to Beijing and move the capital to Beijing

(2) Continue to implement the policy of reducing vassal status and further strengthen the monarch's power

(3) Add a secret service agency, Dongchang, to be led by the emperor’s trusted eunuchs to strengthen supervision over the people.

Dongchang, official signature. That is, the Dong Jishi Factory, a privileged supervisory agency, secret service agency and secret police agency in the Ming Dynasty. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty established the Dongjishi Factory (referred to as Dongchang), with a trusted eunuch as its leader. In the late mid-Ming Dynasty, Jinyiwei and Dongxi Factory were paralleled, and their activities were intensified. They were often called "factory guards" together.

The power of Dongchang was higher than that of Jinyiwei, and he was only responsible to the emperor. He could supervise and arrest subjects at will without the approval of judicial organs, thus opening the door for eunuchs to interfere in politics.

Class exercises

Solid foundation:

1. In which dynasties did the establishment and abolishment of the prime minister appear in ancient my country ( )

A. Qin Dynasty Sui Dynasty B. Tang Dynasty Ming Dynasty

C. Qin Dynasty Tang Dynasty D. Qin Dynasty Ming Dynasty

2. The following historical facts are related to Zhu Yuanzhang ( )

① Establish the Ming Dynasty ② Abolish the Prime Minister and divide his power into six parts

③ Establishing a cabinet bachelor ④ Establishing special agencies such as East Factory and West Factory

A.①③④ B. ①②③

C.①②③④ D. ①②④

3. Read the materials and answer questions

"There is no prime minister, and the provincial administration is returned to the six ministries. The minister is responsible for the affairs of the world, and the ministers are two (deputies), while the palace academicians only provide advisors. The emperor exercises his own authority, and the academicians rarely participate in the decision-making."

Please answer:

(1) Which dynasty’s official system changes are reflected in the materials? Which emperor does "Emperor" refer to?

Ming Dynasty Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang

(2) What do the six parts of the material refer to specifically?

Li Hu Li Bing Xing Gong

(3) What does it mean to say “the imperial side exercises its own authority”?

The military and political power of the country rests in the hands of the emperor alone

(4) What effect did the institutional changes mentioned in the materials have on the feudal autocracy?

Strengthened the centralized system of monarchy

Extended exploration

4. People have had different views on the imperial examination system for a long time, roughly as follows:

① It is mainly positive, but it also has negative effects.

② Mainly negative, but it also has positive effects.

Please explain which view you agree with based on your own opinion, and explain why.

①Positive effect: China is the first country in the world to adopt examination methods to select officials, and it serves as a model for the official system in Western Europe. It enabled small and medium-sized landowners to rely on their talents and knowledge to enter the ruling class through the imperial examination, expanded the basis of rule, and stabilized the social situation. It was a perfect official selection system in feudal society and promoted the development of educational and cultural undertakings.

(The eight-part essay examination system increases the objectivity of the examination standards and is an important development in the standardization and standardization of examinations. It has a certain reference effect on future examination systems.)

② Negative effect: The imperial examination system maintained the rule of feudal society and was one of the factors that caused the long-term continuation of China’s feudal society. It imprisoned the creativity of intellectuals, causing them to devote themselves to studying the Four Books and Five Classics and being divorced from reality. In particular, it suppressed the development of science and technology, preventing traditional Chinese science and technology from developing into modern science and technology. The most serious thing is that in modern times it continues to hinder intellectuals from opening their eyes to the world and is incompatible with Western culture. This is the cultural factor that causes China to lag behind the West.

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Update Time: 2024-08-17

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