"Integrated Improvement at the End of Chapter" Understanding Chemical Science PPT

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"Integrated Improvement at the End of Chapter" Understanding Chemical Science PPT

Contents of Part One: 1. Chemical terminology

1. element symbol

(1) Provision: Represented by the first capital letter of the Latin name of the element or by appending a lowercase letter.

(2) Meaning: ① Macroscopically represents an element; ② Microscopically represents an atom of the element. For example: Fe represents iron element and also represents an iron atom.

2. Valence

(1) Definition: The property of combining a certain number of atoms of one element with a certain number of atoms of other elements.

(2) Representation method: Use "+x" or "-x" directly above the element symbol, such as Fe+3Cl3-1.

(3) Rule: The sum of the positive and negative valence algebras of each element in a compound is 0, and the valence of elements in a simple substance is 0.

3. ion symbol

(1) Definition: The symbol indicating the number of positive and negative charges carried by the ion is shown in the upper right corner of the element symbol.

(2) Example: After the Na atom loses one electron, it becomes a sodium ion with one unit of positive charge, which is represented by "Na+".

4. Schematic diagram of the structure of an atom or ion

Use to represent the nucleus and the number of protons (or nuclear charge) in the nucleus, use an arc to represent the electron layer, and use the numbers on the arc to represent the number of electrons on the electron layer, such as sodium atom and sodium ion.

5. Molecular formula

(1) Definition: A formula that uses element symbols to represent the molecular composition of a substance.

(2) Meaning: ① Indicates the composition of matter (element types); ② Indicates the composition of various element amounts (atom number ratio, mass ratio); ③ Indicates matter macroscopically, and represents a molecule microscopically.

6． chemical equation

(1) Definition: Use chemical formulas to express chemical changes.

(2) The law followed: the law of conservation of mass.

Integrate and improve PPT at the end of the chapter, part 2: 2. Mutual transformation of sodium, chlorine and their compounds

1. Interconversion of sodium and its compounds

2. Interconversion of chlorine and its compounds

[For training]

4. It is known that A is a metal element, B is light yellow, and the transformation relationship of related substances is as shown in the figure, then the following statement about the properties of C is wrong ()

A. soluble in water

B． Reacts with clear lime water to produce white precipitate

C． Reacts with sufficient hydrochloric acid to release gas

D． Belongs to alkali

5. The conversion relationship between the three gases X2, Y2, and Z2 is shown in the figure. Which of the following statements is correct ()

A. X2 is Cl2

B． X2Y is Na2O

C． X2, Y2 and Z2 are H2, O2 and Cl2 respectively

D． The chemical equation for the reaction between Z2 and NaOH solution is Cl2+NaOH===NaClO+NaCl+H2O

Integrate and improve PPT at the end of the chapter, the third part: 3. Standing traps of Avogadro’s constant and related calculation methods

1. The standing trap of Avogadro's constant

(1) Applicable conditions for gas molar volume

The molar volume of gas under standard conditions is 22.4 L·mol-1. If the question gives the mass of the gas or the amount of the substance, the number of particles has nothing to do with the conditions.

(2) Aggregation state of matter

Gas molar volume only applies to gaseous substances. Propositions often use liquid substances such as water, ethanol, and carbon tetrachloride as traps.

(3) Composition of matter

Some substances made up of molecules are single-atom molecules (such as He, Ne, Ar and other rare gas molecules), some are diatomic molecules, and some are polyatomic molecules. When solving problems, pay attention to the composition of molecules.

(4) Types of particles

When there are multiple types of particles in the situation provided in the question, it is necessary to clarify which type of particle is a molecule, atom, proton, electron, ion, outermost electron, etc. in the question.

2. How to calculate Avogadro's constant

(1) Given the mass of the substance and the volume of the gas (standard conditions), find the number of particles contained in the substance

(2) Calculation of the number of ions contained in the solution

[For training]

6． Let NA be the value of Avogadro's constant. Which of the following statements is correct ()

A. At normal temperature and pressure, the number of atoms contained in 1 mol of helium is NA

B． Under standard conditions, 5.6 L of carbon tetrachloride contains 0.25 NA molecules.

C． At normal temperature and pressure, a mixture of 32 g of oxygen and ozone (O3) contains NA oxygen atoms.

D． The gas molar volume of CO2 is 22.4 L·mol-1

7． Let NA be the value of Avogadro's constant. Which of the following statements is correct ()

A. 0.012 g 12C contains NA 12C atoms

B． The number of magnesium atoms contained in 24 g Mg is 2NA

C． The volume of helium gas containing NA helium atoms under standard conditions is approximately 22.4 L

D． Under standard conditions, the number of molecules contained in 22.4 L of alcohol is NA

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Update Time: 2024-09-10

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