"Application of Periodic Table of Elements and Periodic Law of Elements" PPT download of Periodic Law of Elements

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"Application of Periodic Table of Elements and Periodic Law of Elements" PPT download of Periodic Law of Elements

Part One: Literacy Goals

1. Know the simple divisions of the periodic table of elements, further understand that the periodic table is a specific manifestation of the periodic law of elements, and enhance the abilities of macroscopic identification and microscopic analysis, evidence reasoning and model cognition.

2. Learn to use relevant knowledge about the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements to guide scientific research and industrial and agricultural production, and cultivate the spirit of scientific inquiry and social responsibility.

PPT on the application of the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements, part 2: independent preview before class

Knowledge foundation

1. In the periodic table of elements, from left to right in the same period, the metallicity gradually weakens and the nonmetallicity gradually increases; in the same main group from top to bottom, the metallicity gradually increases and the nonmetallicity gradually weakens.

2. In the periodic table of elements, the elements at the boundary between metals and non-metals in the third period are aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si).

3. Silicon, commonly used as a semiconductor material, is in Group IVA of the third period of the periodic table of elements.

Preview of new knowledge

1. Metallic and non-metallic properties of elements

2. The relationship between the valence of an element and its position in the periodic table

1. The highest positive valence of main group elements = group number = number of outermost electrons (valence electrons).

2. Valence of non-metallic elements

(1) The highest positive valence is equal to the number of outermost electrons that an atom can lose or shift.

(2) The lowest negative valence is equal to the number of electrons required to achieve a stable structure of 8 electrons.

(3) The sum of the absolute values ​​of the highest positive price and the lowest negative price is equal to 8 (except H).

[Micro Thoughts] (1) If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom of a certain main group element is 7, is its highest valence necessarily +7?

(2) After an atom becomes an ion, does the number of electrons in the outermost shell have to be 8 (when the K shell is the outermost shell, there are 2 electrons)?

Hint (1) is not true. For example, fluorine is the most non-metallic element and has no positive valence.

(2) No, for example, H+ has no electrons outside its nucleus.

3. Application of the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements

1. Infer the atomic structure and properties of elements based on their position in the periodic table.

2. Infer the position of an element in the periodic table based on its atomic structure.

3. Guide the discovery of new elements and predict their atomic structures and properties.

4. Instruct other chemistry-related science and technology.

(1) Semiconductor materials can be found near the dividing line between metals and non-metals in the periodic table.

(2) Search for catalysts and high-temperature and corrosion-resistant alloy materials among transition elements.

Autonomous testing

1. Judge whether it is right or wrong (mark “√” if it is correct and “×” if it is wrong).

(1) The sum of the absolute values ​​of the highest positive valence and the lowest negative valence of the main group elements is equal to 8. ()

(2) Metallic elements only exhibit metallic properties, while non-metallic elements only exhibit non-metallic properties and do not exhibit metallic properties. ()

(3) Perchloric acid (HClO4) is the most acidic oxygen-containing acid, so chlorine is the most non-metallic element. ()

(4) Explore materials for developing pesticides near the chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur elements in the periodic table, so the compounds of these elements are toxic. ()

(5) Germanium can also be used as a semiconductor material. ()

Answer(1)×　(2)×　(3)×　(4)×　(5)√

Analysis (1) is not necessarily true. For example, the highest positive valence of the hydrogen element is +1, the lowest negative valence is -1, and the sum of the absolute values ​​is equal to 2.

(2) Elements located near the dividing line between metals and non-metals exhibit both metallic and non-metallic properties.

(3) Fluorine is the most non-metallic element.

(4) Chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur compounds are not necessarily toxic, such as NaCl.

(5) Germanium is located near the dividing line between metals and non-metals and can be used as a semiconductor material.

2. Regarding the periodic table of elements, which of the following statements is incorrect ()

A. Elements for preparing semiconductor materials can be found near the dividing line between metallic elements and non-metallic elements.

B. Among the transition elements, elements that can be used to prepare catalysts and high-temperature and corrosion-resistant materials can be found.

C. Elements for preparing new pesticide materials can be found in the metal element area

D. Elements located close together in the periodic table have similar properties

AnswerC

To analyze the elements for preparing new pesticide materials, you should look for them in the non-metal element area, such as F, Cl, S, P, As, etc.

PPT on the application of the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements, part three: classroom exploration and learning

The relationship and application of "position-structure-property" of elements

Question exploration

1. The atomic structure diagram shows the atom of ___________, and its position in the periodic table is __________. Based on its position in the periodic table, it is inferred that the highest positive valence of the element is __________, and its highest valence oxide corresponds to the hydrate. The chemical formula of is __________ (the element is replaced by X), and its acidity is __________ than sulfuric acid.

Prompt fourth cycle group VIA +6 price H2XO4 weak

2. If it is known that X and Y are two adjacent elements in the periodic table, and the order of acidity of the hydrates of their highest-priced oxides is X>Y, can their relative positions be determined?

It is suggested that the relative positions of elements can be determined based on the changing rules of their non-metallic properties. From the known conditions, it can be determined that the order of non-metallic strength is X>Y, so if they are in the same period, X is ranked behind Y; if they are in the same main group, X is in the previous period of Y.

Deepen and expand

The "position, structure, and nature" relationship of the same element can be expressed as follows:

(1) Mutual promotion of structure and location

①Number of electron layers = number of cycles.

②Number of protons = atomic number.

③The number of electrons in the outermost shell of a main group element atom = the main group number.

④The highest positive valence of main group elements = group number (except oxygen and fluorine), and the lowest negative valence = main group number -8.

(2) Mutual inference between nature and location

①The position of the elements in the periodic table can be inferred based on the properties of the elements: If the metallicity of elements A, B, and C in the same period gradually increases, then A, B, and C in the same period will follow the order of C, B, and A from left to right. Arrange to the right.

②The properties of elements can be inferred based on their positional relationships in the periodic table: If the elements A, B, and C of the same main group are arranged from top to bottom in the same main group, the oxidizing properties of the elements of A, B, and C can be inferred. Weaken or reduce in turn.

(3) Mutual inference between structure and properties

① If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom of an element is less than 4, the atom of the element will easily lose electrons during the reaction; if the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is greater than 4, the atom of the element will easily gain electrons during the reaction.

② If an atom of an element easily gains electrons during a reaction, then the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of that element is greater than 4; if an atom of an element easily loses electrons during a reaction, then the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of that element is less than 4.

[Note] The relationship between location, structure and properties:

PPT on the application of the periodic table of elements and the periodic law of elements, part 4: in-class testing

1. The periodic table of elements has a certain guiding role in industrial and agricultural production. Which of the following statements is incorrect ()

A. The elements used to make pesticides are usually located in the upper right corner of the periodic table

B. Semiconductor materials are near the dividing line between metallic elements and non-metallic elements

C. New catalysts can be found in transition elements

D. Search for new high-temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials among Group IA elements

AnswerD

The analysis and search for new high-temperature-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials should be in the transition element zone.

2. According to the position of boron in the periodic table of elements, it is speculated that the chemical formula of boron’s highest-priced oxygen-containing acid cannot be ()

A.H2BO4 B.H3BO3 C.HBO2 D.H2B4O7

AnswerA

Analysis Boron is located in Group IIIA of the second period of the periodic table of elements. Its highest valence is +3. The valence of boron in H2BO4 is +6. Item A is wrong.

3. Which of the following statements about the properties of main group elements (except F and O) is incorrect ()

A. The main group number is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom.

B. The highest positive valence of main group elements is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell

C. The highest positive valence of the nth main group element is +n, and the absolute value of the lowest negative valence is 8-n (n≥4)

D. The highest valence oxide molecular formula of the nth main group element is R2On or R, and the hydride molecular formula is RHn (n≥4)

AnswerD

Analyze that the highest price of R is n and the lowest price is n-8, and its hydride molecular formula should be RH8-n (n≥4).

4. my country is an international leader in gallium arsenide solar cell research. Arsenic (As) and gallium (Ga) are both fourth period elements and belong to Group VA and Group IIIA respectively. Among the following statements, which one is incorrect ()

A. Atomic radius: Ga>As>P

B. Thermal stability: NH3>PH3>AsH3

C. Acidity: H3AsO4>H2SO4>H3PO4

D.Ga(OH)3 may be an amphoteric hydroxide

AnswerC

The stronger the non-metallic nature of the analyzed element, the stronger the acidity of its corresponding highest-priced oxygen-containing acid, so the acidity is: H2SO4>H3PO4>H3AsO4, so item C is wrong.

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Update Time: 2024-11-24

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