"Periodic Table of Elements Nuclides" Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements PPT Courseware

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"Periodic Table of Elements Nuclides" Atomic Structure and Periodic Table of Elements PPT Courseware

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Arrangement principles of the periodic table of elements

1. The emergence and evolution of the periodic table of elements

2.Atomic number

(1)Meaning: Number the elements according to their order in the periodic table.

(2)The relationship between atomic number and atomic structure:

Atomic number = nuclear charge = _______ = _______________.

【Smart Judgment】

(1) The current periodic table of elements is arranged based on relative atomic mass. ()

Tip:×. The current periodic table of elements is organized based on atomic numbers.

(2) The current periodic table of elements was produced by Mendeleev. ()

Tip:×. The current periodic table of elements was created by Swiss chemist Werner.

2. Structure of the periodic table of elements

1.Arrangement principles

2. Structure of the periodic table of elements

3. Nicknames for common tribes

4. The meaning of the symbols in the squares in the periodic table of elements

【Situation·Thinking】

In 1869, the Russian chemist Mendeleev designed and built a new home for the elements - the periodic table. Elements with the same number of electron shells were grouped on the same floor (same period), and a family with similar properties ( elements of the same family) are grouped into the same unit. You see, the elements are busy and happily moving into their new home!

(1) Which group of elements forms the most types of compounds?

Hint: Group IVA. The carbon element in Group IVA forms the largest variety of compounds.

(2) There are 2 electrons in the outermost layer of Fe, must they be in group IIA?

Tip: Elements in Group IIA must have 2 electrons in the outermost shell, but elements with 2 electrons in the outermost shell are not necessarily in Group IIA. Fe is a transition element.

3. Nuclides

1.Nuclide

An atom with a certain number of _____ and a certain number of _____ is called a nuclide. For example, 12C, 13C, and 14C are three different nuclides of carbon element.

2. Isotopes

(1) Definition: Different atoms of the same element that are _______ the same but _______ different are called isotopes. That is, different nuclides of the same element are called isotopes of each other. For example, the three nuclides H H and H are all isotopes of the hydrogen element.

(2) Example - isotopes of hydrogen element: 1H, 2H, 3H

(3) Characteristics of isotopes

①The chemical properties of various isotopes of the same element are slightly different. The physical properties are slightly different.

② In a naturally occurring element, whether in the free state or in the combined state, isotopes maintain a certain _____ with each other, that is, the _______________ occupied by various isotopes is the same.

【Micro thinking】

(1) Are all atoms composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

Hint: No. 1H atoms do not contain neutrons.

(2) What is the relationship between the type of nuclide and the number of protons, neutrons and mass number?

Periodic Table of Elements Nuclides PPT, Part 2: Key Competencies·Quality Formation

Knowledge point 1: The structure and simple application of the periodic table of elements

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Strengthen memory of the structure of the periodic table of elements

(1)Memory formula

The horizontal lines are called cycles, and there are currently one to seven, four are long and three are short, and the seventh is full. The vertical columns are called clans, and there are sixteen clans in total. One and eight appear one after another①, and one zero appears again②. There is one clan in one column, and clan VIII is special. Three verticals are counted as one clan, occupying 8, 9, and 10. Lanthanum series and actinium series, living in a small house is unsatisfactory, living in a crowded place at the age of fifteen, they both belong to the IIIB family.

Note: ① refers to ⅠA, ⅡA, ⅢB, ⅣB, ⅤB, ⅥB, ⅦB, Ⅷ;

② refers to ⅠB, ⅡB, ⅢA, ⅣA, ⅤA, ⅥA, ⅦA, 0.

(2) The relationship between column ordinal and family ordinal

① Column number <8, family number of main family and sub-family = column number;

② Column number = 8 or 9 or 10, which is Group VIII;

③ Column number > 10, family number of main family and sub-family = column number - 10 (except family 0).

(3) Transition elements

There are 10 vertical rows from IIIB to IIB in the periodic table of elements, including group VIII and all subgroup elements. There are more than 60 elements in total, all of which are metallic elements, collectively called transition elements.

2. Simple application of the periodic table of elements - element inference

(1) Use the relationship between the position of the element and the atomic structure to infer.

This method is commonly used to determine elements with atomic numbers less than 18.

①Application relationship.

Equation 1: Period number = number of electron shells

Equation 2: Main group number = number of outermost electrons

Equation 3: Atomic number = nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons outside the nucleus

②Example.

(�) The element

(�) The atomic number of element Y is 15, then the atomic structure diagram of this element is , and its position in the periodic table is Group VA of the third period.

3. Method to determine the position of an element based on its atomic number—noble gas positioning method

(1) Ratio of large and small determines the period

Compare the atomic number of the element with the number of the group 0 elements and find the group 0 elements adjacent to it. Then the element will be in the same period as the group 0 element with the larger number.

(2) Find the difference and determine the family number

① If the atomic number of an element is 1 or 2 more than that of the corresponding Group 0 element, the element should be in Group IA or Group IIA in the next cycle of the Group 0 element.

② If it is 1 to 5 less than the corresponding Group 0 element, it should be in Groups VIIA to IIIA of the same period.

③If the difference is another number, find the corresponding family based on the corresponding difference.

Knowledge point 2: The relationship between atomic structure and the number of particles. Comparison of the concepts of "four identicals"

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. The constituent particles and functions of atoms

2. The number relationship between the constituent particles of atoms

(1)Electrically neutral atoms

(2) Calculation of the number of electrons in charged atoms-ions

3. Symbolic representation of particles

4. Differences and connections between elements, nuclides, isotopes and allotropes

【Think·Discussion】

(1) Do particles with the same number of protons definitely belong to the same element? Please give an example.

Tip: Not necessarily. Particles include atoms, simple anions and cations, atomic groups, molecules, etc. For example, H2O, CH4, Ne, etc. all have 10 protons, but they are not the same element.

(2) How to understand the word "isotope" in isotope?

Tip: Homogeny refers to occupying the same position in the periodic table of elements.

(3) Why are the number of types of elements much smaller than the number of types of atoms?

Tip: The same element can have many different isotope atoms, so the number of types of elements is much smaller than the number of types of atoms.

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Update Time: 2024-06-28

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