"Atomic Structure and Properties of Elements" Atomic Structure and Periodic Table PPT Courseware

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"Atomic Structure and Properties of Elements" Atomic Structure and Periodic Table PPT Courseware

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Properties of elements

1. Metallicity

The outermost electrons of atoms of metal elements generally have less than 4, so they are easy to ________ in chemical reactions and have _______. That is, the metallicity of a metal element refers to the ________ ability possessed by the atoms of the metal element.

2.Non-metallic

The outermost electrons of atoms of non-metallic elements generally have more than 4, so they are easy to ________ in chemical reactions and have ________. That is, the non-metallicity of non-metallic elements refers to the ________ ability possessed by the atoms of non-metallic elements.

[Think about it] Hydrogen and oxygen react to form water. The hydrogen element has a positive valence. Does this prove that the hydrogen element has certain metallic properties?

Tip: No. The hydrogen element shows a positive valence in the reaction, indicating that hydrogen has reducing properties, but it cannot be said that the hydrogen element is metallic. Metallicity refers to the ability of atoms to lose electrons from a microscopic perspective; reduction property refers to the ability of materials to lose electrons from a macroscopic perspective.

2. Alkali metal elements

1. Atomic structure of alkali metal elements

2. Chemical properties of alkali metal elements

(1) Comparison of reactions between sodium, potassium and oxygen

①Experimental phenomenon: Both can burn in the air, sodium produces yellow flame, potassium produces

A purple flame is produced, and potassium burns more violently.

②Reaction equation: 2Na+O2 Na2O2, K+O2 KO2.

③Experimental conclusion: Activity of metal: K__Na.

(2) Comparison of reactions between sodium, potassium and water

【Smart Judgment】

(1) Alkali metal elements are elements IA. ()

Tip:×. The IA elements include hydrogen and alkali metal elements.

(2) From top to bottom, the density of alkali metal elements increases, and the melting and boiling points decrease. ()

Tip:×. Potassium is less dense than sodium.

(3) K is more active than Na, so K can displace Na from the sodium salt solution. ()

Tip:×. Both sodium and potassium react with water, and they cannot undergo intermetallic substitution reactions in solution.

【Situation·Thinking】

Potassium reacts violently with water and can catch fire even on ice, producing potassium hydroxide and hydrogen. The heat released during the reaction can melt the metal potassium and cause the potassium and hydrogen to burn.

(1) If potassium catches fire, what method should be used to extinguish the fire?

Tips: Cover with sand, asbestos, etc.

(2) Why do we see a yellow flame instead of a purple flame when potassium burns?

Tip: Most of the common substances in production and life contain sodium, and its flame color test is yellow, and yellow can cover up purple.

3. Physical properties of alkali metal elements

[Think about it] How are metallic sodium and potassium stored in the laboratory?

Tip: Small amounts of sodium and potassium can be preserved in kerosene and stored airtight.

3. Halogen elements

1. Physical properties of halogen elements

2. Atomic structural characteristics of halogen

3. Chemical properties of halogen elements

(1) Reaction of halogen element and hydrogen

【Smart Judgment】

(1) HX is highly soluble in water, and their thermal stability increases as the nuclear charge increases ()

Tip:×. The thermal stability of HX weakens as the nuclear charge increases.

(2) The color of the halogen element deepens from F2→I2 as the relative molecular mass increases ()

Tips:√. From F2 → I2, the color of the halogen element gradually deepens.

(2) Replacement reaction between halogen elements

【Situation·Thinking】

Fluorine is an extremely reactive element and is known as the "urchin of chemistry". But once fluorine is combined with other elements, it will become a compound with "high safety performance" that is heat-resistant and difficult to be corroded by drugs and solvents. Fluorine compounds have stable chemical properties, and fluorine has strong non-metallic properties. Polymer compounds such as fluororesin have excellent properties such as anti-sticking, waterproof, oil-proof, lubrication, low bending rate, and good electrical properties. Fluorine is widely used in household products, office automation equipment, semiconductors, automobiles and other fields.

Atomic structure and properties of elements PPT, part 2 content: Key abilities·Quality formation

Knowledge Point 1: Similarity and gradation of chemical properties of alkali metal elements

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Similarity

2.Laterity

(1) Gradient law of reducing properties of elemental substances and oxidizing properties of ions

(2) Specific performance

【Think·Discussion】

(1) Why are the chemical properties of alkali metal elements similar?

Tip: The structure determines the properties. The atomic structures of alkali metal elements are similar. They all have 1 electron in the outermost layer. They are prone to losing electrons and have active chemical properties. Therefore, their simple substances have strong reducing properties and can interact with non-metals and oxygen such as oxygen. Water, acid reaction.

(2) Why do the chemical properties of alkali metal elements have gradational properties?

Tip: The atomic structure of alkali metals has gradient properties. From Li to Cs, as the nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers gradually increases, the atomic radius gradually increases, the attraction of the atomic nucleus to the outermost electrons gradually weakens, and the metallicity of the element gradually increases, so the reducing properties of the element gradually increase, and the ion The oxidation property gradually weakens.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] (2019·Hengshui Senior High School Test) Which of the following statements is correct ()

A.Alkaline: LiOH>NaOH>KOH>RbOH

B. Metallicity: Rb>K>Na>Li

C. When Fe and Na react with dilute hydrochloric acid respectively, each iron atom loses 2 electrons and each sodium atom loses 1 electron, so the metal activity of Fe is stronger than that of Na

D.Rb does not easily react with water to release H2

[Problem-solving guide] To answer this question, you need to pay attention to the following two points:

(1) Clarify the relationship between the strength of metallicity and the strength of alkalinity of the hydrate of the highest valence oxide;

(2) It is clear that metallicity has nothing to do with the number of electrons lost.

[Analysis] Choose B. Because metallic Li

[Method rules] Basis for judging the strength of metallicity

(1) Judgment based on the periodic table of elements.

In the same main group, from top to bottom: the metallicity of elements gradually increases.

(2) Judgment based on the order of metal activity.

The activity of the metal element is weakened, and the metallicity of the element is also weakened.

(3) Judgment based on the properties of the elements and their compounds.

①The more violent the reaction between metal elements and water or acid, the stronger the metallicity of the element.

②The stronger the alkalinity of the hydrate corresponding to the highest valence oxide, the stronger the metallicity of the element.

Knowledge Point 2: Similarity and gradation of halogen elements

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Similarity

2.Laterity

(1) The oxidation properties of halogen elements and the reducing properties of halide ions.

(2) Specific performance

3. Particularity

(1) The fluorine element has no positive valence and no oxygen-containing acids, while the chlorine, bromine, and iodine elements have the highest positive valence and oxygen-containing acids.

(2)X2+H2O====HX+HXO, and 2F2+2H2O====4HF+O2.

(3) Bromine elemental substance is the only liquid non-metallic elemental substance at room temperature.

(4) Iodine is a purple-black solid that sublimates easily, and starch turns blue when exposed to I2.

(5) Hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid, while hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydriodic acid are strong acids.

[Knowledge Expansion] The colors of bromine and iodine in organic solvents

Bromine and iodine have different concentrations and colors in organic solvents. Iodine is generally yellow to brown in water and purple to purple-red in organic solvents; bromine is generally yellow to brown in water and orange to orange-red in organic solvents. Under certain conditions, the color of the solution can be used as a basis for judging whether corresponding substances are generated.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) Can a halogen element with a small relative molecular mass definitely displace a halogen element with a large relative molecular mass from the halide solution?

Tip: Not necessarily. When F2 is passed into a solution, it usually reacts with water to displace oxygen.

(2) Why is the stability of hydrogen halide getting weaker and weaker?

Tip: From F to I, as the nuclear charge increases, the number of electron layers gradually increases, the atomic radius gradually increases, the attraction of the atomic nucleus to the outermost electrons gradually weakens, the ability to obtain electrons gradually weakens, and the non-metallicity of the element gradually weakens. Therefore, hydrides become increasingly unstable.

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Update Time: 2024-11-14

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