"Atoms" PPT courseware of particles constituting matter

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"Atoms" PPT courseware of particles constituting matter

1. Atom

1. Atomic concept: Atom is the smallest particle in chemical changes

Atoms are the smallest particles in chemical changes. Can atoms be subdivided? What parts are atoms made of? What do atoms look like in your mind?

Atoms are composed of a positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom and negatively charged electrons outside the nucleus. The electrons move around the nucleus at high speed.

The number of positive charges carried by the nucleus is called the nuclear charge

Observe and think

1 proton carries one unit of positive charge

Neutrons are uncharged

1 electron carries one unit of negative charge

It can be concluded from the table:

1. The composition of atoms: The particles that make up atoms are generally protons, neutrons, and electrons

2. In an atom: nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons

3. The number of protons and the number of neutrons are not necessarily equal

4. Different types of atoms have different numbers of protons.

5. There are no neutrons in the hydrogen nucleus

2. The composition of atoms

1.Atomic structure

Nucleus

Proton (+)

Neutron (uncharged)

electronic(-)

2. Nuclear charge = Number of protons inside the nucleus = Number of electrons outside the nucleus

Alpha particles: The deflection direction in the magnetic field is opposite to the direction of electrons, indicating that the alpha particles are charged. After calculation, we know that the charge of an alpha particle is twice that of an electron. The mass of an alpha particle is 1/49 of the mass of a gold atom, and its mass is 7,000 times that of an electron.

Gold foil is solid, with 2,000 gold atoms tightly packed.

Most alpha particles do not change their original direction of motion;

A small number of alpha particles change their original path of motion;

A very small number of alpha particles are bounced back

Please analyze the structure of atoms based on the above phenomena.

There is a large space inside the atom.

There is a positively charged nucleus inside the atom.

The mass of gold nuclei is much greater than that of alpha particles

atom

Characteristics of atoms

①Atoms are small, have mass and volume

②Atoms are always moving

③There are gaps between atoms

④The atomic properties of the same substance are the same, and the atomic properties of different substances are different.

The most essential difference between different types of atoms

The number of protons in the nucleus is different

How much is the mass of an atom?

The mass of a carbon atom is:

0．00000000000000000000000001993kg

That is, 1.993×10-26 kg. The mass of an oxygen atom is:

0．00000000000000000000000002657kg

That is, 2.657×10-26 kg. The mass of an iron atom is:

0．00000000000000000000000009288kg

That is 9.288×10-26 kg

3. Relative atomic mass

The mass of an atom is so small that it is inconvenient to write and remember.

1. International regulations: 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom is used as the standard, and the mass of other atoms is compared with it.

2. Calculation of relative atomic mass approximate values:

According to experimental determination:

The mass of an electron is very small, 1/1836 of the mass of a proton

Therefore, the mass of an atom is mainly concentrated in the nucleus

Relative atomic mass ≈ number of protons + number of neutrons

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Update Time: 2024-11-19

This template belongs to Chemistry courseware Beijing Curriculum Reform Edition Ninth Grade Chemistry Volume 1 industry PPT template

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