"Common Acids and Bases" Common Acids, Bases and Salts PPT Courseware 3

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"Common Acids and Bases" Common Acids, Bases and Salts PPT Courseware 3

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1. Characteristics and uses of “three acids”

Hydrochloric acid HCl

Colorless liquid, easily _______, with a _______ smell

Electroplating, food, chemical production, etc.

Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Colorless oily liquid, strong ______ property, high density

Vehicle batteries, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

Nitric acid HNO3

Colorless liquid, easily _______, strong _______, with special _______ odor

Production of fertilizers, dyes, explosives, etc.

[Note] Since concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid have _____ properties, when they are exposed to the air, ______________ will form white acid mist.

2. Characteristics and dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid

1. characteristic

(1) Strong dehydration (corrosiveness): Concentrated sulfuric acid can dehydrate sucrose, paper, etc. quickly, turning into ________, and undergoing _______ changes. Therefore, pay attention to safety when using concentrated sulfuric acid.

(2) Strong water absorption: Concentrated sulfuric acid can absorb ______ in the air when exposed to the air. Therefore, concentrated sulfuric acid is often used as ___________ and can be used to dry CO2, O2, H2, etc.

2. dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid

When diluting concentrated sulfuric acid, be sure to slowly pour ________ along the wall of the container into ______, and stir continuously with ________. Never pour _____ into __________. Otherwise, the large amount of heat generated when water is poured into concentrated sulfuric acid will cause the water to boil immediately, with sulfuric acid droplets splashing around, which is very dangerous!

3. Chemical properties of dilute acids

Through study, four similar chemical properties of dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid are summarized.

(1) Reaction of acid and indicator

Acid solution can turn purple litmus solution into ____; can turn colorless phenolphthalein solution into _______

(2)Acid + active metal → ____ + _____

H2SO4＋Fe===_______＋_____

(3)Acid + certain salts→______+______

HCl＋AgNO3===_______＋________

2HCl＋CaCO3===_______＋______＋_______

(4)Acid＋metal oxide→_____＋____

6HCl＋Fe2O3===_______＋_______(Based on this reaction, it can be inferred that one of the uses of hydrochloric acid is _______)

Interactive exploration

Research point 1: The volatility of concentrated hydrochloric acid and the water absorption of concentrated sulfuric acid

[Scenario Display]After opening the bottle cap of concentrated hydrochloric acid, "white mist" will appear at the mouth of the bottle and a pungent odor will be smelled.

[Question Exploration]What will happen to the solutions if concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid are left exposed?

[Integrated improvement]Concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid are placed in the open. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is volatile and will volatilize hydrogen chloride gas. The solute is reduced, the solution quality is reduced, and the solute mass fraction is reduced; concentrated sulfuric acid is water-absorbent. As the mass of the solvent increases, the mass of the solution increases, and the mass fraction of the solute decreases. Therefore both must be kept sealed.

[Application Example]

Example 1: If concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid are exposed to the air, after a period of time, it is certain that ()

A. Solute mass decreases

B． Solvent quality increases

C. The solution mass increases

D． The mass fraction of the solute decreases

[ Method instructions , the solution mass increases and the solute mass fraction decreases.

Research point 2: Characteristics and dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid

[Question Exploration]Why should concentrated sulfuric acid be injected into water to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid? What should you do if concentrated sulfuric acid gets on your skin?

[Integrated Lifting]When concentrated sulfuric acid dissolves in water, it releases a lot of heat, which will cause the water to boil immediately, causing droplets of sulfuric acid to splash around, causing danger. Since concentrated sulfuric acid is highly corrosive, you must pay attention to safety when using it. If it accidentally gets on your skin, wipe it off immediately with a cloth and rinse with plenty of water.

[Application Example]

Example 2 The operation of diluting concentrated sulfuric acid as shown in Figure 8-2-1, the correct one is ()

[ Analysis

[Method Tips] When concentrated sulfuric acid is dissolved in water, it releases a lot of heat, which will cause the water to boil immediately, and droplets of sulfuric acid will splash around, causing danger. When diluting concentrated sulfuric acid, since the density of concentrated sulfuric acid is greater than the density of water, the concentrated sulfuric acid needs to be slowly injected into the water along the container wall. It is forbidden to pour the water into the concentrated sulfuric acid. In order to dissipate the heat in time, a glass rod is often used for constant stirring.

On-site testing

Knowledge point 1: Physical properties and uses of common acids

1. The method of preservation of a substance depends on its nature. The following medicines do not need to be sealed and stored ()

A. Sodium hydroxideB. Concentrated sulfuric acid

C. Sodium chloride d. Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Knowledge point 2: Chemical properties of dilute acid

2. Termites can damage wood mainly because they secrete formic acid, an acid that can corrode wood and many building materials. Which of the following building materials is not easily corroded by formic acid ()

A. Marble b. Aluminum alloy

C. Steel bars D. copper products

[Analysis] D In the metal activity sequence, copper ranks behind hydrogen and cannot undergo displacement reactions with acids.

3. In order to distinguish between dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid, Xiaoqiang designed an experimental plan as shown in Figure 8-2-2: put dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid in two test tubes in each group; Add the same reagent. Among them, the ones that can achieve the experimental purpose are ()

Knowledge point 3: Uses of acid

4. Which of the following descriptions of substance uses is incorrect ()

A. Producing hydrogen by reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with active metals

B． Sulfuric acid can be used to make fertilizers and pesticides

C. Nitric acid can be used to produce fertilizers

D． Hydrochloric acid can be used to remove rust from metals

[Analysis] A. Concentrated sulfuric acid has strong oxidizing properties. It reacts with active metals to produce water instead of hydrogen.

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Update Time: 2024-11-21

This template belongs to Chemistry courseware Cantonese Education Edition Ninth Grade Chemistry Volume 2 industry PPT template

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