"Common Acids and Bases" Common Acids, Bases and Salts PPT Courseware 5

Description

"Common Acids and Bases" Common Acids, Bases and Salts PPT Courseware 5

knowledge network

Common acids and bases

Common acids

Physical properties and uses of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid

Properties and dilution methods of concentrated sulfuric acid

chemical properties of dilute acids

Acids react with more reactive metals

Reaction of acids and metal oxides

reaction between acid and salt

Common bases→Physical properties and uses of common bases

Chemical properties of alkaline solutions

Reaction of bases with non-metal oxides

Reaction of base and salt

Knowledge review

Knowledge point 1 Common acids

Physical properties and uses of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid

Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Colorless oily liquid, not volatile, highly corrosive, high density

Vehicle batteries, fertilizers, pesticides, refined petroleum

Hydrochloric acid HCl

Colorless, volatile, pungent odor

Electroplating, food, chemical production

Nitric acid HNO3

Colorless liquid, easily volatile, highly corrosive, with a special pungent odor

Production of fertilizers, fuels, and explosives

Knowledge point 2: Chemical properties of dilute acid

1. Reaction of acid and indicator

Purple litmus solution Colorless phenolphthalein solution

Dilute hydrochloric acid turns red but does not change color

Dilute sulfuric acid turns red but does not change color

2. Reaction of acid with more active metals

React magnesium, zinc, iron and aluminum with dilute hydrochloric acid respectively

Bubbles are generated, reaction rate: magnesium>aluminum>zinc>iron

chemical equation

①Zn + 2HCl === ZnCl2 + H2↑

②Mg + 2HCl === MgCl2 + H2↑

③2Al + 6HCl === 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑

④Fe + 2HCl === FeCl2 + H2↑

Chemical properties of acids:

(1) Acid solution can make purple litmus test solution _____ and colorless phenolphthalein solution _______;

(2) Acid + more active metal → ______ + ______;

(3) Acid + metal oxide → ______ + ______;

(4) Acid + salt → ______ + ______;

【Notice】

(1) The properties of nitric acid are quite special. When it reacts with more active metals, it generally does not produce hydrogen gas, but produces nitrogen oxides, etc., so it does not have this general property;

(2) Compounds composed of metal ions and acid ions are collectively called salts;

(3) Silver nitrate appears as a white precipitate and is insoluble in dilute nitric acid. It is a reagent for detecting chloride ions.

Example analysis

►Type 1: Dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid

Proposition perspective: Test students’ mastery of concentrated sulfuric acid dilution methods

Example 1 As shown in the figure is a schematic diagram of the experiment of diluting concentrated sulfuric acid.

(1) Write the names of the two instruments a and b in the picture on the right: a ________, b _______;

(2) The reagent contained in container b is ______ (fill in "water" or "concentrated sulfuric acid");

(3) During dilution, if the order of adding the two reagents is reversed, ____________ will occur;

(4) The role of the glass rod in the dilution process is _______________________.

[Analysis] (1) It can be seen from the figure that the instruments are: glass rod, measuring cylinder;

(2) When diluting concentrated sulfuric acid, the concentrated sulfuric acid is injected into the water;

(3) Since the density of water is smaller than that of concentrated sulfuric acid, and a large amount of heat is released when the two are mixed, injecting water into concentrated sulfuric acid will cause the water to boil and the liquid to splash out;

(4) Since concentrated sulfuric acid and water will release a lot of heat when mixed, a glass rod should be used to continuously stir the mixture to dissipate the heat in a timely manner.

►Type 2: Physical properties and uses of common acids

Proposition perspective: Test students’ mastery of the physical properties of common acids.

Example 2 Which of the following statements is correct ( )

A. Hydrochloric acid can turn purple litmus solution blue

B． When concentrated sulfuric acid is placed in the air, the solute mass fraction increases

C. The composition of solid sodium hydroxide does not change when exposed to air

D． When you open the reagent bottle of concentrated hydrochloric acid, white mist will appear at the mouth of the bottle.

[Analysis] A. Hydrochloric acid can turn purple litmus test solution red, so A is wrong; B. Concentrated sulfuric acid is exposed to the air. Due to its strong water absorption, the mass of the solvent increases, but the mass of the solute remains unchanged, so the mass fraction of the solute becomes smaller, so B is wrong; C. When solid sodium hydroxide is exposed to the air, it will absorb water and react with carbon dioxide in the air to form sodium carbonate, which will deteriorate, so C is wrong; D. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is highly volatile. When the cork is opened, a large amount of hydrogen chloride gas will volatilize, forming a white mist, so D is correct; therefore, choose: D.

►Type 3: Chemical properties of acids

Proposition perspective: Test students’ understanding of the chemical properties of dilute acids

Example 3 Formic acid (HCOOH) is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor and is highly corrosive.

(1) If it is proven that formic acid is acidic, the indicator that can be used is ____ (2) Formic acid has similar chemical properties to hydrochloric acid and can react with sodium carbonate to produce __________ gas.

(3) Utilize the dehydration property of concentrated sulfuric acid to mix and heat formic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. When formic acid is dehydrated it will turn into ______________.

[Analysis] (1) If it is proved that formic acid is acidic, the indicator that can be used is purple litmus solution because purple litmus test solution turns red when exposed to acidic solution;

(2) Formic acid has similar chemical properties to hydrochloric acid and can react with sodium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas;

(3) Utilize the dehydration property of concentrated sulfuric acid to mix and heat formic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. When a water molecule is removed from a formic acid molecule, it will be converted into carbon monoxide.

[Variation question] Hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid are often used as cleaning agents on metal surfaces by taking advantage of () their chemical properties.

A. Can react with alkali

B. Can react with metals

C. Can react with certain metal oxides

D. Can react with purple litmus test solution

【Analysis】

Metal surface cleaning is actually rust removal. It is actually a process in which acids and metal oxides react to form soluble salts. Therefore, acids have nothing to do with alkali, metals, and indicators. Only the reaction between acids and metal oxides is related to this process. .

So choose C.

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Update Time: 2024-10-02

This template belongs to Chemistry courseware Cantonese Education Edition Ninth Grade Chemistry Volume 2 industry PPT template

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