"Particles constituting matter (Ⅱ) - atoms and ions" PPT courseware on the composition of air and matter

Description

"Particles constituting matter (Ⅱ) - atoms and ions" PPT courseware on the composition of air and matter

review:

1. The concept of molecules

A molecule is a particle that constitutes a substance and maintains the chemical properties of a substance.

2. Molecular properties

1. The molecules that make up matter have small volume and mass and are in constant motion.

2. There are gaps between molecules

3. Understand pure substances and mixtures from a molecular perspective

Among substances composed of molecules, substances composed of different types of molecules are mixtures.

A substance composed of one molecule is a pure substance.

4. Discuss physical changes and chemical changes from a molecular perspective

a substance made of molecules,

In physical changes, the molecules themselves do not change and still maintain the chemical properties of the substance; in chemical changes, the molecules themselves change and generate new molecules, which no longer maintain the chemical properties of the original substance.

1. What is an atom?

Mercury oxide decomposes upon heating

Phenomenon: Silvery mercury (also known as mercury) appears on the inner wall of the test tube, and oxygen that can support the burning of combustibles can be collected.

Schematic diagram of thermal decomposition of mercury oxide

1. Please find the mercury oxide molecules, oxygen molecules, mercury atoms, and oxygen atoms in the picture.

2. In the picture, there are ( ) oxidized mercury molecules, which contain ( ) ( ) atoms and ( ) ( ) atoms. There are ( ) oxygen molecules, which contain ( ) ( ) atoms. The mercury atoms directly constitute metallic mercury. .

3. During chemical changes, mercury oxide molecules decompose into ( ) atoms and ( ) atoms

in conclusion:

1. Atoms are another type of particles that make up matter. Atoms make up molecules, and atoms can also directly make up matter.

2. In chemical changes, the molecules themselves change, but the atoms themselves do not change (in chemical changes, molecules can be divided, atoms cannot be divided), but they are recombined into new molecules to form new substances. Atoms are the smallest particles involved in chemical changes.

Summarize:

1. The concept of atom: it is the smallest particle in chemical changes.

2. Characteristics of atoms:

1. Atoms are also in constant motion.

2. There are gaps between atoms.

3. The size and mass of atoms are very small.

2. What is the secret inside the atom?

History of science - the exploration of atomic structure

In 1803, Dalton proposed that the smallest particle making up matter is an atom, and an atom is a solid sphere that cannot be further divided.

In 1897, Thomson discovered electrons inside atoms, destroying the view that "atoms cannot be divided again" and establishing a new atomic structure model - the "Jujube Cake Model".

In 1911, Rutherford proved through precise experiments that there is a very small nucleus in the center of the atom, and electrons rotate around the nucleus at high speed in a large space.

Cooperative Learning: How are atoms made of?

1. Are atoms solid spheres? Is it possible to subdivide atoms apart from chemical changes? If so, what parts can it be divided into?

2. Can the nucleus be divided again? If it can be divided again, what particles is it made of?

3. How are the various particles in atoms charged?

4. What is nuclear charge? How does it relate to proton number?

The ordering rules of electrons outside the nucleus:

1. A maximum of 2 electrons can be arranged in the first layer.

2. The second layer can arrange up to 8 electrons.

3. No more than 8 in the outermost layer (2 in the first layer)

4. The state with 8 electrons in the outermost layer is a stable structure. (The two electrons in the first layer are also a stable structure)

Characteristics of the number of electrons in the outermost shell

1. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of metallic elements is generally <4;

2. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of non-metallic elements is generally ≥4;

3. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of noble gas elements is 8 (He has 2).

3. What is the mass of an atom?

Atoms are small, let's see how much an atom weighs:

The mass of a carbon atom is:

0.00000000000000000000000001993 kg

That is 1.993×10-26 kg

The mass of an oxygen atom is:

0.00000000000000000000000002657 kg

That is 2.657×10-26 kg

The mass of an iron atom is:

0.00000000000000000000000009288 kg

That is 9.288×10-26 kg

4. Mass of Atom

1. Actual quality

2. Relative quality

Relative atomic mass - Taking 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom as a standard, the value obtained by comparing the mass of other atoms with it is the relative atomic mass of this atom.

① Relative atomic mass of X atom = 1 actual mass of X atom/actual mass of one carbon-12 atom/12

②Relative atomic mass is a ratio and has no unit.

③Relative atomic mass ≈ number of protons + number of neutrons.

④The greater the relative atomic mass of an atom, the greater its actual mass.

⑤The ratio of the relative atomic masses of atoms is equal to the ratio of their actual masses.

Comprehensive application

1. Atoms are composed of _________ and _________.

2. The particles that make up atoms are _____, _____, and _______. Among them, ______ is positively charged, _______ is negatively charged, _______ is uncharged, and ________ moves at high speed around ________. ________ occupies a small volume, but concentrates the main mass of the atom.

3. Fill in ① molecules, ② atoms, ③ protons, ④ neutrons, ⑤ electrons and other particles into the appropriate spaces below with their serial numbers:

(1) The basic particles that make up matter are ______

(2) The basic particles that make up atoms are _______

(3) Electroneutral (uncharged) particles are _________

(4) Positively charged particles are ______

(5) The particle whose type must change in chemical changes is ______, and the particle that determines the type of atom is ____.

(6) The number of particles in an atom must be equal to ________

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For more information about the PPT courseware "The Composition of Air Matter Particles Atoms and Ions Constituting Matter", please click the Composition of Air Matter ppt Particle Atoms and Ions Constituting Matter ppt tag.

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Update Time: 2024-09-07

This template belongs to Chemistry courseware Cantonese Education Edition Ninth Grade Chemistry Volume 1 industry PPT template

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