"Thermal Motion of Molecules" Internal Energy PPT Courseware 4

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"Thermal Motion of Molecules" Internal Energy PPT Courseware 4

what is molecule

The smallest particles that retain the original properties of matter are called molecules

If you imagine the molecule as a sphere, the diameter of the molecule is only about 10-10 meters and cannot be seen with the naked eye. So people usually measure molecules in units of 10-10 meters

How small is a molecule (volume)?

Under normal temperature and pressure, 1cm3 of water contains approximately 3.35×1022 water molecules. If these water molecules are evenly distributed on the surface of the earth, more than 5,000 water molecules can be obtained in 1cm3 area!

How many molecules are there (number)

If 20,000 oxygen molecules are arranged in a string next to each other, their total length will be about the same as the diameter of a human hair. Even very small objects are composed of a large number of molecules

To summarize

Diffusion can occur between gases.

Diffusion can also occur between liquids.

Diffusion can occur between solids.

In summary, the diffusion phenomenon shows that:

The molecules of all matter are in constant, irregular motion.

Attraction and repulsion exist between molecules at the same time

When r=r0 gravity = repulsion

When r>r0 gravity > repulsion

When r

When r>10r0 there is no force

Basic contents of molecular kinetic theory:

1. All matter is composed of a large number of molecules.

2. The molecules of all substances are constantly moving irregularly. (Thermal motion of molecules is related to temperature. The higher the temperature, the more intense the thermal motion.)

3. There is mutual attraction and repulsion between molecules

Additional information

In actual production, people have long used molecular gravity to perform metal welding. Generally, welding relies on melting the metal so that the molecules are close enough that the metals are welded together after they cool down. In modern times, there is also explosion welding technology. It cleans the metal surfaces and brings them together, and then relies on the huge pressure generated by the explosion to press the two metals together.

Class exercises

1. Among the following phenomena, which one can show that the molecules of an object are constantly moving ( )

A. There are many small insects moving around in the dirty water without any pattern.

B. Put mothballs in the suitcase. After a while, the clothes will smell like camphor.

C. When the classroom was being cleaned, dust was flying all over the room.

D. Catkins flying in spring

2. The following phenomenon shows that there is repulsion between molecules ( )

A. Coal has been piled in the corner for a long time, and the inside of the wall has turned black.

B. After opening the vinegar bottle, I quickly smelled the vinegar smell.

C. If you press the bread with your hands, the volume of the bread will become smaller.

D. Liquid enclosed in a container is difficult to compress

3. Put two pieces of smooth dry glass together and it is easy to separate them, but if you sprinkle some water on the glass and then put them together, it will be difficult to separate them. This phenomenon explains ( )

A. There is no force between solid molecules, but there is force between liquid molecules.

B. There is no force between molecules of the same kind, but there is force between molecules of different kinds.

C. There is a force between any molecules. The smaller the distance, the greater the force.

D. Water is viscous, and whether there are forces between molecules has nothing to do with it.

Summary of this lesson

1. The phenomenon that different substances enter each other when they come into contact with each other is called _______

2. The phenomenon of diffusion shows that the molecules of all substances are constantly moving irregularly.

3. The speed of diffusion (thermal motion of molecules) is related to _________; the higher the temperature, the more intense the thermal motion of molecules.

4. The object is difficult to be stretched, indicating that there are _________ between molecules

Objects are difficult to compress, indicating the presence of ________ between molecules

Gas can be compressed, indicating that there are _____________ between molecules

1. Matter is composed of molecules.

2. The diffusion phenomenon shows:

⑴The molecules of all objects are constantly moving irregularly (thermal motion).

 There are gaps between molecules.

3. There are attraction and repulsion forces that interact between molecules.

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Update Time: 2024-11-18

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