"End of Chapter Review" Internal Energy PPT

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"End of Chapter Review" Internal Energy PPT

Part One: Practical High School Entrance Examination

Test point 1: Thermal motion of molecules

Determining whether a certain phenomenon belongs to the thermal motion of molecules is a hot topic in the high school entrance examination, and the questions are generally multiple choice.

Example 1 [Taian High School Entrance Examination] Among the following phenomena, which can explain the thermal motion of molecules is ()

A. The wind blows the leaves B. Dust flies when sweeping the floor

C. The fragrance of roses is overflowing D. Water flows downward

Test point 2: Forces between molecules

The force between molecules is relatively abstract. The characteristics of the force between molecules are often examined in the high school entrance examination: attraction and repulsion exist at the same time; the magnitude of attraction and repulsion is related to the distance between molecules.

Example 2 [Guigang High School Entrance Examination]Solids are difficult to compress or stretch, and have a certain volume and shape. This is because when a solid is compressed, the distance between molecules becomes smaller, and the force behaves as ______; when the solid is stretched, the distance between molecules becomes larger, and the force behaves as ______.

Test point 3: Changes in internal energy

Giving examples to judge the way internal energy changes is the main test form for propositions in the high school entrance examination. In particular, the test combined with picture scenes is the main trend of the high school entrance examination.

Example 3 [Longyan High School Entrance Examination]As shown in Figure 13-Z-1, what changes the internal energy of an object through work is ( )

Test Point 4: Discrimination of Temperature, Heat and Internal Energy

Temperature, heat and internal energy are three important physical quantities in thermal science. In the high school entrance examination, they are often tested from the perspective of conceptual understanding and application, often in multiple-choice questions and fill-in-the-blank questions.

Example 4 [Yantai High School Entrance Examination] Regarding temperature, heat, and internal energy, which of the following statements is correct ()

A. Ice at 0°C has no internal energy

B． The higher the temperature of the same object, the greater the internal energy of the object

C. The lower the temperature of an object, the less heat it contains

D. The internal energy of an object is related to the temperature. As long as the temperature does not change, the internal energy of the object will definitely remain unchanged.

Test point 5: Specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity is the focus of this chapter, and it is also a hot topic in the high school entrance examination. It is examined from many angles, such as the application of specific heat capacity, related calculations of specific heat capacity, etc. The understanding of comparative heat capacity is often tested with the help of experiments.

Example 5 [Chengdu High School Entrance Examination] Use the same electric heater to heat two liquids A and B of equal mass (excluding heat loss). As shown in Figure 13-Z-2, two liquids A and B are This is an image of the temperature of a liquid changing with heating time. Which of the following statements is correct ()

A. The ratio of the specific heat capacity of A to the specific heat capacity of B is 2:1

B． The ratio of the specific heat capacity of A to the specific heat capacity of B is 2:3

C. When heated for the same time, B absorbs more heat than A.

D. A and B raise the same temperature, B absorbs more heat

Example 6 [Hebei High School Entrance Examination] When Xiao Ming was exploring "the heat absorption capabilities of different substances", he filled two identical test tubes with water and kerosene of equal mass and temperature, and used an alcohol lamp to simultaneously Heat the two test tubes. After heating for a period of time, the thermometer will display as shown in Figure 13-Z-3.

Review PPT at the end of the chapter, part 2: Entering the majors and high schools

Advantage 1: Intermolecular force

Intermolecular force is a concept in the microscopic realm. It is a common method to verify or explore its characteristics through macroscopic phenomena, which requires us to have the ability to analyze, reason and generalize. For example, useful information can be obtained by analyzing experimental data with image methods, and then using the physics knowledge learned, and through scientific calculations and reasonable reasoning, some wrong conjectures can be eliminated and correct conclusions can be obtained.

Typical example 1 (open inquiry question) A thin square glass plate with a clean surface and a side length of 10 cm is hung under the spring force gauge. As shown in Figure 13-Z-4A, the glass plate is submerged to a certain depth below the water surface, and then the glass plate is slowly lifted up. During the entire process, the relationship between the indication F of the spring force gauge and the rising height h of the surface of the glass plate is The image is shown in Figure B. (Atmospheric pressure p0=105Pa)

(1) When the glass plate is about to leave the water, the indication of the spring force gauge is the largest. It can be inferred that in addition to gravity, the glass plate also receives a force of about ________N and direction ________.

(2) Regarding the origin of this force, Xiao Ming conducted research: At first, Xiao Ming guessed that the force was atmospheric pressure, but he quickly rejected his idea because, according to calculations, the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the glass plate It is about ________N, and the atmospheric pressure on the upper and lower surfaces cancels each other out. Then, this force is ______________.

Advantage 2: Factors affecting the internal energy of an object

Reading ability, information collection and processing ability, analysis and summary ability are important abilities in our learning process. In learning physics knowledge, we often have to read relevant materials, obtain valuable information from them, and put forward new conjectures based on our own observations, experiences and practices, and go through logical arguments, and then test whether they are true through experiments or practical applications. Correct, this is a common question type in high school entrance examinations in recent years, focusing on testing students' relevant abilities.

Typical example 2 (open inquiry question) Experimental inquiry and reasoning are both basic methods of scientific research. For example, scientific conjecture is often proposed through reasoning based on certain facts and existing knowledge. Use a magnifying glass to observe the charcoal handwriting and observe tiny particles; wheat grains are ground into flour, and flour is kneaded into dough... A large number of similar facts provide a basis for us to imagine the structural model of matter. Finally, we realize that matter is made of Made up of a large number of molecules. Drop a drop of ink into cold and hot water, and observe that the speed of ink diffusion is different... A large number of similar phenomena lead us to infer that the speed of random molecular motion is related to temperature.

(1) Physics calls “the sum of the kinetic energy and molecular potential energy of all molecules in an object making irregular movements as the internal energy of the object.” Based on this meaning and combined with the knowledge you have learned, please make reasonable conjectures about "factors affecting the internal energy of objects", give inferential conclusions, and explain the basis for reasoning (refer to examples):

Example: The amount of internal energy of an object may be related to the temperature of the object.

Inferential conclusion: The higher the temperature of an object, the greater its internal energy.

Reasoning basis: The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move and the greater the kinetic energy of the molecules.

Keywords: Free download of PPT courseware for ninth-grade physics from People's Education Edition, download of PPT for end-of-chapter review, download of internal energy PPT, .PPT format;

For more information about the "Internal Energy Chapter End Review" PPT courseware, please click the Internal Energy ppt end of chapter review ppt tag.

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Update Time: 2024-11-18

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