"Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union" PPT courseware on changes in the world pattern after the Cold War

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"Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union" PPT courseware on changes in the world pattern after the Cold War

Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe

In the late 1980s, the reforms of Eastern European countries did not achieve significant results. The economies of various countries still did not improve, and there was political chaos and social unrest. Under the influence of internal crises and external environments, the Communist Parties and Workers' Parties of Eastern European countries lost power one after another, and social The system also changed, and the name of the country was also changed in a series of events. The socialist camp suffered a huge blow.

1. changes in territory

2. Warsaw Pact disbanded

3. changes in social system

What is the essence of the drastic changes in Eastern Europe?

Essence: The capitalist system of Eastern European countries replaced the socialist system, which was a serious setback for the international socialist movement.

1. Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe (Explanation: The failure of the socialist Soviet model.)

1. Reason:

① Fundamental reason: The highly centralized economic and political system does not adapt to the development of productivity;

②The reform has not fundamentally changed the highly centralized political and economic system, and the serious economic crisis has led to a political crisis

③The Soviet Union relaxed its control over Eastern European countries;

④The “peaceful evolution” policy of Western countries;

⑤The ruling communist parties in Eastern European countries compromised.

"Peaceful evolution": The West uses the news media to spread rumors to confuse the public, undermine the reputation of socialism, and promote bourgeois values, etc.

2. Time: Starting from the second half of 1989 (late 1980s to 1990s)

3. Result: changes in the European map: the Democratic Republic of Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany merged to achieve reunification; Yugoslavia was divided into five; Czechoslovakia was divided into two;

4. Substance: a fundamental change in the nature of society: from a socialist country to a capitalist country;

2. Gorbachev’s reforms:

1. Background:

(1) In the 1970s and 1980s, the Soviet Union’s highly centralized political and economic system increasingly became an obstacle to the Soviet Union’s scientific and technological progress, productivity and development;

(2) The Soviet Union’s economic development rate has been declining year after year, social conflicts have become increasingly acute, and people’s dissatisfaction has grown day by day.

2. Time: 1985--1990

3. Content

Focus: First, economic reform was the focus, but no results were achieved. In the late 1980s, the focus of reform shifted to the political aspect.

(1) Economically: Propose a strategy to accelerate the country’s social and economic development and implement a series of reform measures; (The measures are unfavorable, have great resistance and have little effect.)

(2) Politically: Propose the idea of ​​"humane and democratic socialism" and regard "political pluralism", "democratization" and "openness" as three major goals. In 1990, the Soviet Union revised its constitution, abolished the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, implemented a multi-party system and a presidential system, and Gorbachev was elected as the first president of the Soviet Union.

(3) Diplomacy: The Soviet Union promoted "new thinking diplomacy", took the initiative to ease Soviet-US relations, did not interfere in Eastern European affairs, withdrew its troops from abroad, and strived to win economic cooperation and assistance from Western countries.

4. Result: It led to drastic changes in the political system of the Soviet Union. The one-party system was transformed into a multi-party system, the power of the country was dispersed, and "democratization" turned into several periods of anarchy. The tendency of the Union republics to secede from the Soviet Union intensified.

5. Impact: Gorbachev’s reforms directly led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union

3. The disintegration of the Soviet Union:

1. Reason:

(1) Disadvantages of the “Stalin model” (highly centralized political and economic system) (fundamental reasons)

(2) Gorbachev’s reforms further aggravated the social crisis (direct cause)

(3) Western society’s long-term “peaceful evolution” strategy (external factors)

2. Process: (1) In March 1990, Lithuania took the lead in declaring independence, and later many participating countries also declared independence; in order to curb the momentum of independence, the Soviet Union held a referendum in March 1991, but it wanted to weaken the central power and enhance the independence of each country. , and later changed the name of the country to "Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics".

(2) August 19th Incident: On August 19, 1991, a small number of Soviet leaders launched a coup in an attempt to get the country and society out of the crisis as soon as possible, but it quickly failed. This incident caused Gorbachev to actually lose his prestige and ability to lead the country, and Russian leader Yeltsin took the opportunity to take control of the overall situation. The split of the Soviet Union further accelerated.

(3) In December 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus held a meeting without Gorbachev and declared the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, marking the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union no longer existing. Soon the number of CIS members increased to 11, Gorbachev had to resign, and the Soviet Union, a superpower, collapsed.

3. Impact: The disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the end of the struggle for hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union, the end of the bipolar structure, and the development of the world in the direction of multipolarity; socialism was at a low ebb, and development difficulties increased.

The dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union have inspired China

1. A socialist country should focus on economic construction, vigorously develop productivity, and continuously improve people’s living standards;

2. Reforms must be in line with the national conditions of the country;

3. Formulate appropriate economic policies;

4. Uphold the leadership of the party and adhere to the socialist road;

5. Strengthen the construction of democracy and legal system.

practise:

1. When did the Soviet Union disintegrate? ( )

A. 1953 B. 1956

C. 1986 D. 1991

2. In the late 1980s, countries in which region experienced large-scale social changes ( )

A. East Asia B. Africa

C. Western Europe D. Eastern Europe

3. The historical events that led to the emergence of phenomena such as "Yugoslavia was divided into five", "Czechoslovakia was divided into two", "the Democratic Republic of Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany merged and unified" are ( )

A. The Warsaw Pact was established B. Dramatic changes in Eastern Europe

C. The collapse of the Soviet Union D. The United States and the Soviet Union Struggle for Hegemony

4. The main reason for the failure of Khrushchev’s reforms in the Soviet Union was ( )

A. Perestroika changed the nature of Soviet society

B． Reforms did not fundamentally change the Stalinist model

C. Reforms have not achieved anything

D. Various contradictions brought about by reform have become increasingly prominent

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