"Science and Thought" Modern Science and Culture PPT Courseware 2

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"Science and Thought" Modern Science and Culture PPT Courseware 2

Major achievements of Newton, Darwin, and Einstein

Newton's life

Born in a peasant family in 1642

Entered Cambridge University in 1661

1665 Proposed the famous binomial theorem

1671 Developed the reflecting telescope

1672 Elected a member of the Royal Society

1701 Elected to the British House of Commons

1705 Elected President of the Royal Society

Newton died in 1727 at the age of 84

Newton's achievements

Astronomy - Discovering the law of universal gravitation

Mathematics - Creating Calculus

Mechanics - establishing a complete mechanical theoretical system

Newton's great achievements in his life are inseparable from his diligent spirit.

einstein

He and Newton were the two greatest physicists in history - was Einstein a genius?

1. Life and personality

(1) Biographical resume

1. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was born in 1879 in a Jewish family in the small town of Ulm, Germany.

2. He came to Switzerland in 1895. In 1896, he was admitted to the Normal Department of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, majoring in theoretical physics. He graduated in 1900.

3. From 1902 to 1909, he worked as a technician at the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland, and founded the special theory of relativity. Become a Swiss citizen.

4. In 1913, he was appointed professor at the University of Berlin. Founded the general theory of relativity in 1915.

5. Moved to the United States in October 1933, became a U.S. citizen in 1940, and died in Princeton, USA in 1955.

Einstein’s inspiration——

1. Active and independent learning is very beneficial to a person’s growth.

2. A gentleman must be willing to ask questions when learning. When studying, you should be diligent, ask questions, and think independently.

3. People should be confident, self-respecting and self-reliant, instead of feeling inferior and giving up.

peaceful efforts

(1) During World War I: Support the anti-war declaration

(2) After World War I: committed to restoring mutual understanding between people of all countries and calling on the people to fight for peace

the occurrence of nuclear war

(3) During World War II: Suggested Roosevelt to develop an atomic bomb before the Nazis and lamented the large number of civilian injuries caused by the atomic bomb explosion.

(4) After World War II: Committed to preventing the occurrence of nuclear war and published the anti-nuclear war Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

The Enlightenment Thoughts of Voltaire and others

France is the center of the European Enlightenment; Voltaire is the pioneer of the French Enlightenment. People commented that Voltaire was "the leading figure in European thought in the eighteenth century", "the uncrowned emperor of the Republic of Science and Art", and "the recognized leader and mentor of the French Enlightenment";

Voltaire (1694.11-1778.05):

His original name was François-Marie Arouet, and Voltaire was his pen name. French Enlightenment thinker, writer, and philosopher. Voltaire was the standard-bearer of the French bourgeois Enlightenment in the eighteenth century and was known as the "King of French Thought", "France's finest poet" and "the conscience of Europe".

Thoughts:

Voltaire scathingly attacked the dark reign of the Catholic Church. He compared the pope to a "two-footed beast", called the priests "civilized villains", and said that Catholicism was "the most shameful trap laid by some cunning people." Voltaire opposed the feudal autocracy and advocated the implementation of an enlightened monarchy.

Montesquieu's theory, content and significance

Montesquieu proposed the doctrine of separation of powers. He believed that only by separating the legislative, executive and judicial powers can people's freedom be protected. After the bourgeoisie seized power, the separation of powers became an important principle of the political system of capitalist countries.

1 (Hangzhou City, 2011). During the French Revolution, the selfless dedication of French citizens promoted the smooth development of the French Revolution. The outstanding performance of French citizens mainly stems from

A. Cromwell's Outstanding Leadership

B． Strong support from the Anti-French Alliance

C. The positive influence of enlightenment thought

D. Napoleon's military victory

2. Which of the following descriptions of the Enlightenment is incorrect ( )

A. The Enlightenment was the first far-reaching ideological emancipation movement in modern Europe.

B． France was the center of the Enlightenment

C. Voltaire is known as the leader and mentor of the Enlightenment and advocated enlightened despotism

D. The Enlightenment made ideological and theoretical preparations for the bourgeois revolution in Europe and the United States

29 (Binzhou City, Shandong Province, 2011). Ideological emancipation is the forerunner of the great social era. Major social reforms in Chinese and foreign history are all related to the ideological emancipation movement. Read the following material and answer questions.

Material 1: Commenting on an ideological liberation movement, historian Burckhardt said that "the theological veil woven by faith, fantasy and childish prejudice was the first to dissipate in Italy." During this movement, a number of outstanding artists and thinkers emerged in Italy. The works of the poet Dante emphasized the value of human beings and the greatness of reason, shining with the original glory of humanism and embodying the core proposition of this movement.

(1) The "ideological and cultural movement" in Material 1 refers to the movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century? (2 points) What are the core claims of this movement? (1 point) What is Dante’s representative work? (1 point)

Renaissance Humanism "Divine Comedy"

Material 2: From the 17th to the 18th century, a group of advanced thinkers adapted to the needs of capitalist economic development, held high the banner of rationality, criticized feudal autocracy and medieval religious theology, and advocated the establishment of a rational society and country.

(2) Which movement in Europe does Material 2 reflect? (2 points) What is its core proposition? (1 point) What impact did this movement have on the American Revolution and the French Revolution? (1 point)

Enlightenment rationalism provided sharp ideological weapons for the outbreak of the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.

Material 3: In the early 20th century, although the Republic of China was established, the democratic republic was not really implemented. A group of intellectuals, adhering to the light of reason of the Western Enlightenment, launched an anti-feudal movement based on the magazine "New Youth". Ideological liberation movement.

(3) Write the name of this movement based on material 3, (2 points) and list the two main representatives. (2 minutes)

New Culture Movement Chen Duxiu, Lu Xun, Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, etc.

(4) Summarize the common characteristics of the above three major movements. (1 point)

bourgeois ideological liberation movement

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"Literature and Art" Science and Ideology and Culture PPT Courseware Shakespeare (15641616) On his birthday, many countries perform his plays every year to commemorate him. Marx called him the greatest dramatic genius. He left 37 plays for the world, 14 in one volume...

"Famous Scientists and Enlightenment Thinkers" science and ideological culture PPT courseware:

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"Science and Thought" Modern Science and Culture PPT Courseware:

"Science and Thought" Modern Science and Culture PPT Courseware Read the first section of the text and think: What achievements did Newton, Darwin, and Einstein respectively achieve in the field of science? What's the significance? Newton (1643--1727) was a British scientist who was diligent in research throughout his life.

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Update Time: 2024-07-03

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