"The Highly Centralized Northern Song Dynasty" "Pluralism and Integration" Pattern and High-level Development of Civilization PPT

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"The Highly Centralized Northern Song Dynasty" "Pluralism and Integration" Pattern and High-level Development of Civilization PPT

Part One: Strengthening of Centralization in the Northern Song Dynasty

The background (reasons) of strengthening centralization in the Northern Song Dynasty:

① In the late Tang Dynasty, vassal towns were segregated, forming the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms situation. To end this situation, centralization of power must be strengthened;

② When the Song Dynasty was established, the country was still in a state of separatism. To consolidate feudal rule and end feudal separatism, centralization of power must be strengthened;

③ Song Taizu himself seized power through mutiny. In order to prevent the recurrence of similar mutinies, centralization of power must be strengthened.

Background (reason): In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, warlords and generals became domineering and affected political stability. The rulers in the early Song Dynasty kept this lesson in mind and in order to consolidate their rule

What needs to be resolved is the contradiction between the central and local governments, weakening local power and strengthening the emperor's power.

Highly centralized Northern Song Dynasty PPT, part 2: analysis and discussion

During the Northern Song Dynasty, there were constant foreign invasions. Why was it always unified internally? There was almost no civil strife in the Han and Tang Dynasties when local separatist forces resisted the central government (such as the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion", the "Anli Rebellion", and the feudal separatist regimes in the late Tang Dynasty). Woolen cloth?

As centralization increases, local power weakens.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the feudal economy experienced a high degree of development. Why were feudal countries so poor? The Northern Song Dynasty had millions of troops, but why could it never stop the attacks of Liao, Xixia and Jin, and finally suffered the "humiliation of Jingkang"?

Redundant officials, redundant soldiers, and redundant expenses led to the formation of "poverty" in the Northern Song Dynasty

Frequent military mobilization has caused "the soldiers do not know the generals and the generals do not know the soldiers", and the combat effectiveness of the army is weakened, resulting in "accumulated weakness".

Characteristics and evaluation of the strengthening of centralization of power in the Northern Song Dynasty:

1. Emphasis on literature over military affairs, and the country should be governed by men of letters

The lessons learned from the separatist rule of vassal towns since the late Tang Dynasty and the dominance of warriors in politics since the late Tang Dynasty have effectively consolidated the unity; however, because the literati did not understand military affairs, the combat effectiveness of the army was low.

2. Split local power and highly centralize power in the central government

It is conducive to unification and prevents division; but it results in low efficiency of local administrative agencies and overstaffing of central agencies, resulting in redundant officials.

3. Weak branches and strong stems, guarding the internal weakness and external deficiencies

It was conducive to strengthening the centralization of power and effectively suppressing the resistance of local and peasant classes; but the empty border defense became the reason for the Northern Song Dynasty's repeated defeats in the national struggle.

4. Develop the imperial examination system

It further expanded the basis of rule and strengthened centralization; but it also resulted in a huge bureaucracy.

Highly centralized Northern Song Dynasty PPT, the third part: Wang Anshi’s Reform

1. Background: In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the government finances could not make ends meet and social conflicts were acute. At the same time, border troubles continued and ethnic conflicts deepened.

2. Purpose: To enrich the country and strengthen the army

3. Time: 1069

4. Character: Wang Anshi (appointed by Song Shenzong)

5. Measures:

5. Impact: After the implementation of the new law, agricultural production has improved, government revenue has increased, and the national military strength has increased.

6. Reasons for failure: During the reform process, there were situations that harmed the people; it endangered the vested interests of some social classes and was strongly opposed.

The main measures of Wang Anshi's reform

green seedling method

Every year during lean times, the government provides farmers with seeds or loans. After harvest, farmers repay with 20% interest.

recruitment law

The money collected was used to hire people to serve in the government. Bureaucrats and others who did not serve in the military originally had to pay service fees.

Square field equalization tax law

Verify the land and pay taxes equally according to the amount and quality of the land.

Farmland Water Conservancy Law

Encourage land reclamation and construction of water conservancy projects.

Bao Jia Law

Rural households were organized into Bao and Dabao units. For households with more than two adult men, one person would be the Baoding. Baoding usually farms and trains troops in his spare time.

The highly centralized Northern Song Dynasty PPT, the fourth part: the development process of the authoritarian centralized system:

(1) Theoretical basis: During the Warring States Period, Han Feizi’s Legalist thought laid the theoretical foundation for its formation. ——(Shang Yang’s Reform)

(2) Establishment: After the unification of Qin, politically, the supreme imperial power was established; administrative agencies from the central to local governments were established; Qin laws were promulgated. In terms of culture, books were written in the same text, books were burned and Confucians were burned, ideological control was strengthened, and it was stipulated that the law should be used as teaching and officials should be used as teachers. ——Established a centralized system of authoritarianism.

(3) Consolidation: During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, he promulgated the "Extension of Favor Order" politically; ideologically, he "deposed hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism" to strengthen centralization. ——The centralized system has been consolidated.

(4) Improvement: During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces and six ministries system and the imperial examination system were implemented - the centralized system was further improved.

(5) Strengthening: During the Northern Song Dynasty, rulers concentrated military, administrative, financial and judicial power, and developed the imperial examination system - further strengthening centralization

(6) Unprecedented intensification: Ming and Qing Dynasties - not finished, to be continued...

Highly centralized Northern Song Dynasty PPT, part five: summary

After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, another 20 years of war finally ended the half-century-long separation and separatism that had existed since the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. At the same time, at the beginning of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty, represented by Song Taizu, paid attention to summarizing and absorbing the historical lessons of the separatist vassal towns since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and successively adopted a series of measures to strengthen authoritarian centralization. We should look at the role of these measures in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty dialectically. On the one hand, they effectively eradicated the basis of feudal separatism, maintained the unity and stability of the country, and were conducive to social and economic development; on the other hand, The negative impact of these measures was also very serious, and they planted the root of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty.

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Update Time: 2024-09-25

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