"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT courseware

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"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT courseware

Part One: Learning Objectives

1. Understand the basic historical facts of the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department in the Qing Dynasty.

2. Understand the basic knowledge of the Qing Dynasty’s policy of literary inquisition and cultural autocracy and its serious consequences.

3. Understand the reasons, process and results of the Qing Dynasty's "isolation" policy.

PPT on strengthening the monarchy in the Qing Dynasty, part 2: new lesson exploration

Research point: The establishment of the Military Aircraft Department

1. Background:

In the early Qing Dynasty, the official system of the Ming Dynasty was followed, and the cabinet and six ministries were established in the central government, but the council of kings and ministers composed of Manchu nobles to discuss government affairs was retained. The meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs seriously hindered the centralization of power.

Discuss: What kind of power does the Council of King and Ministers enjoy? Does it threaten the imperial power?

All military and state affairs must go through a meeting of kings and ministers, and once decided, not even the emperor can change it. The existence of the meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs not only made the cabinet useless, but most importantly, it restricted the power of the emperor.

2. Responsibilities:

The Minister of Military and Aircraft "is only for narration and writing, and cannot be painted with any praise." - Qing Dynasty historian Zhao Yi

Discuss: What does this sentence mean? What effect does the establishment of the Military Aircraft Service have on strengthening the centralization of monarchy?

That is to say, the mission of the military minister is to convey and copy the emperor's will, and he cannot mix his own opinions into it.

Completely under the direct control of the emperor, it is equivalent to the emperor's private secretariat. At the same time, the military is the highest state organ in power in terms of power, but in form it has always been in the status of a temporary agency.

3. Evaluation: Debate Stage

Regarding the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, there are the following two views. Please combine the above materials and the knowledge you have learned to discuss: Which view is correct? Why?

Viewpoint 1: The establishment of the Military Aircraft Division has improved work efficiency, which is beneficial.

Viewpoint 2: With the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, officials have to listen to the emperor in everything. Their sense of political responsibility and creative spirit are gone, and there is no benefit at all.

With the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, on the one hand, military and national affairs were completely decided by the emperor. The mission of the military aircraft minister was only to convey and copy the emperor's will, and he was not allowed to have any views and opinions of his own. In this way, officials had to obey the emperor's orders for everything, which stifled their sense of political responsibility and creative spirit. However, the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department is not without benefits, because it simplifies work procedures and improves work efficiency.

4. Summary overview:

(1) Basic situation: The Military Aircraft Department was established during Yongzheng period.

(2) Function: It is just a secretariat of the emperor, with no real power, and it always has the status of a temporary organization in form.

(3) Impact: After the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department, the meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs existed in name only; it made it easier for the emperor to arbitrarily decide on government affairs, and the autocratic monarchy was further strengthened.

Research point: Literary inquisition and cultural authoritarian policies

(1) Literary Prison

1. Meaning: The so-called Literary Prison is to persecute intellectuals by finding fault with their writing.

Material 1: The court official Zha Siting was appointed as the chief examiner in Jiangxi. He asked the question "Weimin Zhi" and was accused of using the word "Wei Zhi", which alluded to "go to Yongzheng". Yongzheng was furious and imprisoned Cha Siting. As a result, Zha Lian died of shock and fright in prison, his body was slaughtered, and Zha's relatives were beheaded, tortured, or exiled. Another example is that an official named Xu Jun was charged with "slandering the court" just because his poem contained the line "Qingfeng is illiterate, so why bother flipping through the book?" and ended up in a different place.

Material 2: Hu Zhongzao, a Hanlin scholar, had a poem that said, "A heart can judge turbidity and purity." When Qianlong saw it, he was furious: "What is the meaning of adding the word 'Zhuo' to the word 'Qing' in the national title?" Hu Zhongzao then because of a The character "turbid" was killed and his teachers and friends were also blamed.

2.Basic overview

(1) Background: The rulers of the Qing Dynasty paid great attention to strictly controlling intellectuals from the ideological field.

(2) The prosperous period: Kang, Yong and Qian dynasties.

(3) Characteristics: Large scale, many times

3. Influence

Discuss

Why did the rulers of the Qing Dynasty establish literary prisons? What were the consequences?

In order to strengthen the autocracy, intellectuals were strictly controlled ideologically.

It has caused social terror, destroyed talents, imprisoned ideas, and seriously hindered the development and progress of ideas and academics.

(2) Cultural autocracy policy

1. Content

On the one hand, it vigorously advocated respecting Confucius and reading the Bible; on the other hand, it carried out a comprehensive inspection of books across the country, and listed books that were considered detrimental to the rule of the Qing Dynasty as banned books, confiscated them, destroyed them, and tampered with them.

2. Influence

(1) As a result, many valuable historical documents have become extinct or distorted.

(2) Qianlong destroyed and tampered with books for nearly 20 years. This was another catastrophe that ancient Chinese culture suffered after Qin Shihuang burned books and harassed Confucian scholars.

Research point: Intensifying social conflicts

1.Background

(1) The bureaucracy is becoming increasingly corrupt, bribery is common in official circles, and cliques are formed for personal gain.

(2) Officials at all levels extort money from the people.

(3) Corruption in officialdom also spreads in the military.

2.Performance

(1) There is a financial crisis.

(2) Big bureaucrats, big landowners and big businessmen used all means to annex land, and farmers who lost their land went bankrupt.

3. Influence

The polarization between rich and poor in society is very serious, the lives of the general public are becoming increasingly difficult, and social crises are numerous.

Research point: the policy of isolation from the country

1. Reasons

(1) A self-sufficient natural economy can supply itself without the need for external commodities (fundamental reason).

(2) The rulers of the Qing Dynasty believed that the Celestial Empire was vast and rich in resources and had everything, and there was no need for economic exchanges with foreign countries.

(3) They are afraid that coastal people’s interactions with foreigners will endanger their rule.

2. Measures

In 1684, the Qing Dynasty made several specific regulations on maritime trade: 1. Along the coasts of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Shandong and Zhili Province, people were allowed to load ships with a value of less than 500 shi to trade and fish at sea. Report in advance the registered name and surname of the local official, obtain a bond, and issue a stamp. 2. Set up customs in the four provinces of Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong to manage ships and collect taxes. No tax will be charged on the goods carried by foreign tribute ships, and other private traders will be taxed as usual by the ministers sent there. 3. The provinces of Zhili, Shandong, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong shall first establish regulations on maritime bans and suspend them as soon as possible. Anyone who illegally carries sulfur, weapons, etc. on a ship for overseas trade will still be punished according to the law.

By 1757, other ports were ordered to be closed, and only one in Guangzhou was opened as a foreign trade port. It was stipulated that the "Thirteen Banks of Guangdong" chartered by the imperial court would be responsible for unified management of foreign trade.

3. Influence

Proof: Seclusion of the country benefits the country and the people.

Opposition: Seclusion is a disservice to the country and its people.

The Qing Dynasty's policy of seclusion lasted for nearly two hundred years and played a certain role in the aggressive activities of Western colonists. However, at that time, Western countries were carrying out the bourgeois revolution and the industrial revolution successively, and they were in a period of rapid development of productive forces. However, the Qing government was still stagnant and insular, which led to the isolation of the country and made China miss out on learning advanced scientific knowledge and production from the West. Due to technological opportunities, China has gradually fallen behind the development process of world history.

Strengthening PPT of the Qing Dynasty’s monarchy, part three: on-campus training

1. If "Jinyiwei, Dongchang and Xichang", "Military Aircraft Department" and "Literary Prison" are determined as a learning unit, then the theme of this unit should be ( )

A. The strengthening of spy rule

B． Strengthening of thought control

C. Strengthening of cultural autocracy

D. The strengthening of autocratic centralization

2. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the person who held the real power was ( )

A.Cabinet B.Six Ministries

C. Meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs D. Eunuchs

3. Which emperors were the most cruel in the Literary Prison of the Qing Dynasty ( )

①Shunzhi ②Kangxi ③Yongzheng ④Qianlong

A.①②③ B.②③④

C.①②④ D.①③④

4. The Qing government implemented a policy of isolation from the country. At that time, the only city open to foreign trade was ( )

A.Hangzhou B.Hong Kong

C.Guangzhou D.Quanzhou

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"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT download:

"Strengthening of the Monarchy of the Qing Dynasty" PPT Download Part One Content: [Knowledge Management] Knowledge Point 1 Establishment of the Military Aircraft Department: During the Yongzheng period, the imperial court temporarily set up a military machine room to handle military affairs in the northwest. It was soon renamed the Military Machinery Department to assist the emperor in handling government affairs. most important..

"Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's Autocratic Monarchy" PPT:

"Strengthening of the Autocratic Monarchy in the Qing Dynasty" PPT Part One Content: The Establishment of the Military Aircraft Department 1. The Council of Councilors and Ministers. In the early Qing Dynasty, there was still a Council of Councilors and Ministers composed exclusively of Manchu nobles. All military and state affairs must be discussed by the king and ministers meeting, and...

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Update Time: 2024-11-17

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