"The Politics and Military of the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT download

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"The Politics and Military of the Two Song Dynasties" The coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT download

Part One Content: Course Objectives:

1. Understand the manifestations of the strengthening of centralization of authoritarianism in the early Song Dynasty

2. Understand the confrontation situation between the two Song Dynasties and the border minority groups

3. Understand the content and impact of Wang Anshi’s reform

Political and military PPT of the two Song Dynasties, part 2: the strengthening of autocratic centralization in the early Song Dynasty

Chenqiaoyi Mutiny:

In 959 AD, Zhou Shizong Chai Rong died, and Emperor Gong, Chai Zongxun, who ascended the throne, was only seven years old. At this time, Zhao Kuangyin served as the inspector in front of the palace (the highest officer of the Imperial Guard), and also served as the military envoy to the German army in Songzhou.

In the spring of 960 AD, Zhenzhou (now Zhengding, Hebei Province) and Dingzhou (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province) reported that the armies of the Northern Han Dynasty and the Liao State were jointly going south to attack the Later Zhou Dynasty. The momentum was very loud and they requested to send troops for assistance. In the later Zhou Dynasty, Empress Dowager Fu and Prime Ministers Fan Zhi, Wang Pu and other ruling ministers did not distinguish between the true and false, and hurriedly sent Zhao Kuangyin to lead his troops north to defend against the enemy. Zhao Kuangyin acted secretly under the planning of his brother Zhao Guangyi, Zhao Pu, Shi Shouxin and others. On February 3, when the army arrived at Chenqiaoyi (now Chenqiao Town, southeast of Fengqiu, Henan), they launched a mutiny and ordered the soldiers to wear yellow robes for him. They rebelled against the Later Zhou Dynasty and supported Zhao Kuangyin as emperor. After that, Zhao led his troops back to Kaifeng without burning, killing or looting. "Taizu Chen Qiao made an oath not to disturb the people of the capital, and he promised not to disturb the city on the day he entered the city." On the third day of the third year of junior high school, Zhao Kuangyin and Chen Qiao mutinied and returned to Beijing.

This mutiny ultimately led to the demise of the Later Zhou Empire and the establishment of the Song Empire. To a certain extent, it also marked the beginning of a new era in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era.

1. The background to the strengthening of authoritarian centralization:

(1) After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, several separatist regimes in the south and the Northern Han Dynasty in the north were successively eliminated, ending the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

(2) In view of the historical lessons of warlord separatism and political instability since the late Tang Dynasty, the rulers took a series of targeted measures to strengthen autocratic centralization and maintain regime stability.

The release of military power over a cup of wine refers to the history that took place during the Qiande period of the Northern Song Dynasty. In order to strengthen the centralization of power and prevent subordinate generals from being forced to wear "yellow robes", Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin raised troops to usurp the new political power. Through banquets, threats and inducements, he asked senior generals to hand over their military power. event.

The release of military power over a glass of wine was the beginning of a series of political and military reform measures taken by Song Taizu to strengthen centralization and consolidate rule, and was regarded as a model of leniency and harmony. Later, Song Taizu also carried out a number of reforms in the military system, which greatly strengthened the centralization of power in the Northern Song Dynasty.

2. measure

(1) Place

① The central government sent civil servants to serve as governors of local states, and the title of Jiedushi gradually became a virtual one.

② Set up a Department of Transport to comprehensively manage local finances and ensure that most of the tax revenue from each state is handed over to the court.

③Incorporate local elite troops into the Forbidden Army to defend the capital and guard local areas respectively, and change their locations regularly.

(2) Central

1. The “second government” of the central government

Administration: under Zhongshu - the chief executive exercises the powers of the prime minister

Military Administration: Privy Council - Chief Privy Envoy, whose status is slightly lower than that of the Prime Minister

2. Add the deputy minister to the post of deputy prime minister, dividing the administrative power of the prime minister.

3. Establish three envoys to manage finances and divide the prime minister’s financial power

3. Influence (read in combination with historical materials on P59)

(1) Effectively prevented factors of internal unrest, consolidated the unity and stability of the country, and strengthened autocratic centralization.

(2) The system is too restrictive and the division of power is too detailed, which also affects administrative efficiency and promotes a conservative and tired political atmosphere.

Political and Military PPT of the Two Song Dynasties, Part Three: Frontier Pressure and Financial Crisis

After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, Li Keyong from Shatuo established the Later Tang Dynasty. When the last emperor Li Congke succeeded to the throne, General Shi Jingtang was appointed as the governor of Hedong. Later, the last emperor began to be suspicious of Shi Jingtang, and Shi Jingtang also secretly tried to protect himself. Shi Jingtang used illness as an excuse to request the court to transfer him to other vassal towns in order to test the court's attitude towards him. In May of the third year of Qing Tai Dynasty (936), the last emperor appointed Shi Jingtang as the governor of the Tianping Army, and issued an edict to urge him to take office. Shi Jingtang suspected that the late emperor was suspicious of him, so he rebelled. The Later Tang Dynasty sent troops to attack, and Shi Jingtang was surrounded and asked Khitan for help. In September, the Khitan army went south and defeated the Tang army. Shi Jingtang was conferred the title of Emperor of the Jin Dynasty by the Khitan in November. He recognized the Khitan Lord Yelu Deguang as his father and called himself the son emperor. Then he marched to Luoyang, the capital of the Later Tang Dynasty. The last emperor burned himself in the eleventh month of the leap year (January 937), and the Later Tang Dynasty succeeded. Death. After Shi Jingtang destroyed the Later Tang Dynasty, he established the Later Jin Dynasty, and in 938 he dedicated the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun to the Khitan as agreed.

The Alliance of Chan (chán) Yuan was an alliance concluded between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Kingdom after twenty-five years of war. In the autumn of 1004 AD (the first year of Jingde reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty), Empress Dowager Xiao of the Liao Kingdom and Shengzong of the Liao Kingdom personally led an army southward and penetrated into the Song Dynasty. Some ministers advocated fleeing south to avoid the enemy. Song Zhenzong also wanted to flee south. Because of the urging of Prime Minister Kou Zhun, he went to Chanzhou to supervise the war. The Song army held fast to the town behind the Liao army, and used an eight-oxen crossbow to kill Liao general Xiao Talan (一zuolin) under the city of Chanzhou (Puyang, Henan). Due to its own reasons, the Liao Dynasty secretly communicated with the Northern Song Dynasty court very early through the surrender of the old general Wang Jizhong of the Liao Dynasty. Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty also agreed to negotiate peace, and sent Cao Lili to negotiate with the Liao camp. In December (January 1005), he signed a peace treaty with the Liao Dynasty. Because Chanzhou (Puyang, Henan) was also called Chanyuan County in the Song Dynasty, it was called "Chanyuan" in history. alliance".

From then on, there were no large-scale wars between the Song and Liao Dynasties for a hundred years. Courtesy and envoys were exchanged, and the two sides exchanged visits for a total of 380 times. If there was a famine on the border of the Liao Dynasty, the Song Dynasty would also send people to the border to provide relief. When news of Song Zhenzong's death came, Liao Shengzong "gathered the ministers of Tibetan and Han Dynasties to express their condolences, and everyone from the concubine to the queen was in tears."

1. Song and Liao were countries of brothers. Shengzong of Liao was young and called Song Zhenzong his brother. Later generations still regarded him as his brother.

2. The Song and Liao used the Baigou River as the boundary (the Liao abandoned Suicheng and the three prefectures of Zhuo, Ying, and Mo), and both sides withdrew their troops. From then on, any thieves and fugitives who crossed the border were not allowed to stay in each other; in the cities and towns along the two dynasties, everything was as usual, and no damage was allowed. The God who built the city.

3. The Song Dynasty provided Liao with 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk every year to "support military expeditions", which were delivered to Xiongzhou.

4. The two sides set up forays at the border to carry out mutual trade.

Wang Anshi's Reform

Background: 1. The social crisis has seriously intensified---domestic and foreign troubles

2. Possibility: Qingli New Deal laid the foundation for Wang Anshi’s reform

Political and military PPT of the two Song Dynasties, part 4: Partial peace in the Southern Song Dynasty

The Jingkang Incident refers to the historical event in the second year of Jingkang (the fifth year of Jin Tianhui, 1127) when the Jin Dynasty went south to capture Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and kidnapped the two emperors Hui and Qin, leading to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Also known as the Jingkang Rebellion, Jingkang Disaster, and Jingkang Disaster.

In addition to the two emperors Huiqin, a large number of Zhao family members, concubines, nobles, and court officials, totaling more than 3,000 people, went north to the Jin Kingdom. All public and private savings in Tokyo were wiped out. The Jingkang Incident led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.

[Knowledge Expansion]: "War" and "Harmony" among the Nationalities in the Song Dynasty

(1) During the Song Dynasty, national regimes coexisted, and there were both wars and peace between the national regimes. This was a significant feature of the ethnic relations between the two Song Dynasties.

(2) "War" between ethnic groups: War is temporary, but it is a disaster for both warring parties. It hurts national feelings, intensifies national hatred, and interrupts normal economic and cultural exchanges.

(3) "Harmony" among ethnic groups: Peace is long-term, and exchanges and integration among ethnic groups are the mainstream of historical development. The peace negotiations between Song and Xia, the peace between Song and Liao, and the peace between Song and Jin achieved long-term peace between the two sides, which was actually conducive to social and economic development, the strengthening of national integration, and most importantly, promoted the forward development of history.

Political and Military PPT of the Two Song Dynasties, Part 5: Classroom Exercises

1. There was a rule in the Song Dynasty that "officials should not enter liquor stores." Once an official was found eating or drinking in a hotel, regardless of public or private funds, he would be immediately impeached by the censor, and in the worst case, he would be dismissed from office, and in the lightest case, he would be subject to disciplinary sanctions. Another rule is: the princes and nobles "are not allowed to take food from all over the world", that is, they are not allowed to ask for specialties and delicacies from various places. The positive effect of these rules is ()

A. Stopped officials from imposing excessive taxes and expropriations

B． Form a strict anti-corruption mechanism

C. The monarch effectively controls his subjects

D. Facilitate restraint of abuse of power

2. In order to restrain the expansion of the power of military generals, the Northern Song Dynasty formulated the policy of "advocating culture and suppressing military force". Remove old generals from military power, vigorously promote civilized governance, expand the scale of imperial examinations, and elevate the status of civil servants and scholars. The correct understanding of the impact of these measures is ()

A. Cause dissatisfaction among military officers and become a factor of internal unrest

B． Affect administrative efficiency and encourage conservative and lazy trends

C. Improve the status of civil servants, causing the prime minister to have dictatorship and chaos in government

D. Strengthen autocratic centralization, and monarchy reaches its peak

3. A poem in the early Southern Song Dynasty wrote: "Beyond the mountains are green mountains and towers, and the singing and dancing of the West Lake are closed; the warm wind makes the tourists drunk, and they call Hangzhou Bianzhou." This poem mainly reflects ()

A. The prosperity of Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty

B． The beautiful scenery of West Lake is charming

C. Corruption and secrecy of rulers

D. The people's strong desire to regain lost land

Keywords: free download of the PPT courseware of the first volume of the unified version of the Chinese and Foreign History Outline, the political and military PPT download of the two Song Dynasties, the coexistence of the multi-ethnic regimes of the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties and the unification of the Yuan Dynasty PPT download, .PPT format;

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Update Time: 2024-10-03

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