"Main Formation Factors of Soil" Physical Geographic Elements and Phenomenon PPT

Description

"Main Formation Factors of Soil" Physical Geographic Elements and Phenomenon PPT

Part One: Strengthening the Implementation of Basic Knowledge

[Self-reading textbook·Fill in key points]

1. Soil and its material composition

1. Concept: A loose layer located on the earth's land surface and at the bottom of shallow waters. It is composed of ______ and inorganic substances, has a certain ______, and is capable of growing plants.

2. Thickness: Generally tens of centimeters to two meters.

3. composition

(1)Soil is composed of ______, organic matter, water, air and ______.

(2) The volume composition of soil most suitable for plant growth: soil pores account for 50%, containing ______ and air, and the ratio is 1:1. Soil solids make up 50%, of which minerals make up 45% and ______ 5%.

2. Soil profile

1. Concept: A longitudinal section of soil vertically downward from the surface.

2. feature

PPT on the main formation factors of soil, part 2: Pay attention to problem-based teaching

Question 1 How to observe soil Basic test points

[Thinking and exploring]

Red soil is soil formed under subtropical bioclimatic conditions and is mainly distributed in low mountainous and hilly areas south of the Yangtze River. Red soil is relatively sticky, has low organic matter content, is acidic, and is a relatively barren soil.

[Exploration 1] What is the most distinctive sign of red soil?

Tip: soil color.

[Exploration 2] What do the materials show about the main characteristics of soil? What are the main cross-sectional structures of soil?

Tip: Soil texture. Organic matter layer, leached layer, sedimentary layer, parent material layer, parent rock layer.

[System Cognition]

Differences and connections between rocks, soil-forming parent material and soil

(1) Exposed rocks become soil-forming parent material through weathering. The soil-forming parent material becomes primitive soil under the action of microorganisms and lower plants, and then becomes mature soil through the action of herbaceous plants and woody plants. The soil Erosion accumulation is an important source of lithospheric sedimentary rocks.

(2) Rocks are materials formed after ancient volcanic eruptions. They slowly formed soil through many natural causes (weathering, corrosion, etc.).

(3)Soil can evolve from in-situ weathering of rocks or any accumulation.

(4) The nature, structure, color and composition of rocks or sediments have a direct impact on soil.

(5) Differences in the soil-forming parent material affect the speed of soil formation and the thickness of the soil layer. As the soil gradually matures, the influence of the soil-forming parent material on the soil gradually decreases.

[Training to pass the test]

A school organized students to conduct study tours in Northeast my country. The picture below shows the soil landscape they saw. Answer the following question.

1. When observing black soil, the easiest thing to observe is ()

A. Soil textureB. soil profile

C. Soil color D. Soil Moisture

Analysis: Soil color is one of the most important external characteristics of soil and the easiest soil characteristic to observe.

2. Soil mineral particles are divided into gravel, sand, silt and clay. The index of this division is ()

A. Mass size b. Weight size

C. Particle size D. area size

3. The correct order of natural soil profiles from top to bottom is ()

A. Litter layer, humus layer and peat layer, sedimentary layer, leaching layer, parent material layer and parent rock layer

B． Litter layer, humus layer and peat layer, leach layer, sedimentary layer, parent material layer and parent rock layer

C. Humus layer and peat layer, litter layer, leach layer, sedimentary layer, parent rock layer and parent material layer

D. Humus layer and peat layer, leaching layer, litter layer, sedimentary layer, parent rock layer and parent material layer

Question 2: What are the main formation factors of soil? Important and difficult test points

[Thinking and exploring]

Beijing's Zhongshan Park retains the Sheji Altar built in the Ming Dynasty, which was a place where ancient emperors worshiped the gods of earth and grain. The upper layer of the altar is paved with soil of five colors: cyan in the east, red in the south, white in the west, black in the north, and yellow in the center.

[Problem Design]

1. Thinking from the perspective of "regional cognition", which region of my country does the "yellow in the center" in the material represent?

Tip: Loess Plateau area.

2. Use "comprehensive thinking" to analyze why the soil colors in different areas are different?

Tip: Natural conditions and socioeconomic conditions vary greatly in different regions.

[System Cognition]

1. Regional differences in soil in my country

2. The influence of topographic factors on soil formation

Topographic factors such as height, slope, and aspect affect conditions such as light, heat, and moisture, and also affect the transformation of materials, thereby affecting soil development. The temperature and precipitation in mountainous areas change with altitude, forming different climates and vegetation, resulting in differences in soil composition and physical and chemical properties. On steep slopes, gravity and surface runoff will accelerate the migration of loose materials on the surface, making it difficult to develop deep soil; in low-lying foothills or valleys, thicker soil layers are often formed due to the accumulation of sediments. Different slopes have different temperatures, moisture, light, and vegetation, resulting in different soil development levels and properties.

[Training to pass the test]

1. The most active factor affecting soil formation and development is ()

A. Biology b. climate

C. Terrain D. time

2. How to improve soil fertility is ()

①Fallow ②Apply chemical fertilizers ③Plant green manure ④Crop rotation ⑤Extensive application of farmyard manure

A. ①②③④ B． ①③④⑤

C. ①②④⑤ D. ②③④⑤

Read the nutrient cycle diagrams of the ecosystems in places A and B, and answer questions 3 to 4.

3. Comparison of the soil in place A and place B ()

A. The sources of soil nutrients in places A and B are the same.

B． The soil organic matter content in A and B is the same

C. The soil in land A is more fertile than land B

D. The mineral content of the soil in places A and B is the same

PPT on the main formation factors of soil, part 3: Carry out structural evaluation of thinking

Structural evaluation of thinking—the reason why black soil has high organic matter

Black soil is a type of fertile soil formed under certain climatic conditions in areas with lush native vegetation. The organic matter is not easily decomposed and has been accumulated over thousands of years. Black soil has deep soil layers and high organic matter content. The Mississippi Plain in North America, the Ukrainian Plain in Europe, the Northeastern Plain in Asia, and the Pampas from Argentina to Uruguay in South America are the four major black soil distribution areas in the world. Based on the materials, what are the reasons why the black soil area is rich in organic matter?

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Update Time: 2024-07-23

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