"Micro Project Demonstrates the Rationality of "Car Restrictions" in Heavy Pollution Weather" Nature and Transformation of Substances PPT

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"Micro Project Demonstrates the Rationality of "Car Restrictions" in Heavy Pollution Weather" Nature and Transformation of Substances PPT

Part One: Literacy Goals

1. Be able to comprehensively apply the properties and transformation relationships of nitrogen and its compounds to explore related social science issues.

2. In the process of seeking evidence to support opinions, be able to comprehensively use various methods such as information search, questionnaires, interviews, etc. to obtain necessary information; be able to process and analyze the data, and conduct systematic analysis based on the logical relationship between opinions, evidence, and conclusions. elaboration, and gradually cultivate the ability of scientific attitude and social responsibility.

3. Be able to weigh the pros and cons of different viewpoints from multiple aspects such as science, environment, economy, society, etc., and make informed decisions.

Micro project to demonstrate the rationality of vehicle restrictions in heavy pollution weather PPT, the second part of the content: knowledge foundation

Since human society entered the 1980s, people have become more and more concerned about environmental issues. While we enjoy the material civilization brought about by the rapid development of science and technology, we have also suffered repeated revenge from nature at the expense of the environment, such as smog and haze weather. Many cities such as Beijing and Guangzhou have adopted "car Limit line". People are gradually realizing that protecting the environment means protecting the space on which human beings live.

The fundamental measure to control "smog" is to reduce man-made emissions of smoke, dust and NOx. When facing social scientific issues, we first need to clarify the scientific knowledge and scientific issues in the issue, and correctly understand the issue; then look for the pros and cons involved in the issue from the perspectives of environment, economy, society, etc., demonstrate whether these pros and cons are valid, and finally combine Consider the actual situation comprehensively, weigh the pros and cons, and make decisions.

Micro project to demonstrate the rationality of vehicle restrictions in heavy pollution weather PPT, the third part: preview of new knowledge

1. Transformation relationship of nitrogen and its compounds

①N2+3H2 2NH3

②4NH3+5O2 4NO+6H2O

③N2+O2 2NO

④2NO+O2 2NO2

⑤3NO2+H2O 2HNO3+NO

⑥HNO3+NH3 NH4NO3

⑦3Cu+8HNO3(dilute) 3Cu(NO3)2+2NO↑+4H2O

⑧Cu+4HNO3(concentrated) Cu(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O

2. Nitrogen oxide catalytic conversion method

Install a catalytic converter on the automobile exhaust pipe to react NOx (NO or NO2) and CO in the automobile exhaust into non-toxic substances. The reaction principle is 2NO+2CO N2+2CO2, 2NO2+4CO N2+4CO2.

[Micro Thoughts] How to control car exhaust?

Tips: NOx exhaust gas treatment methods

①Alkali absorption method:

2NO2+2NaOH === NaNO3+NaNO2+H2O

NO2+NO+2NaOH === 2NaNO2+H2O

The condition that the mixed gas of NO2 and NO can be completely absorbed by a sufficient amount of caustic soda solution is n(NO2)≥n(NO). Generally suitable for the treatment of NOx in industrial exhaust gas.

②Catalytic conversion method:

Under catalyst and heating conditions, ammonia can convert nitrogen oxides into non-toxic gas N2; NOx and CO can be catalytically converted into non-toxic gases N2 and CO2 at a certain temperature (generally suitable for the treatment of automobile exhaust).

Micro project demonstrates the rationality of vehicle restrictions in heavy pollution weather PPT, part 4 content: exploration

Scientifically understand social science issues and find the pros and cons

Question exploration

What are the dangers of car exhaust?

Tips: NOx in automobile exhaust undergoes a series of photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons under the action of ultraviolet rays, producing a toxic smog - photochemical smog. Photochemical smog contains irritating toxic substances such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which can irritate your body. human respiratory tract.

Knowledge induction

Vehicle restrictions, as the name suggests, are measures to restrict the passage of certain vehicles in order to relieve traffic pressure or prevent air pollution. There are many types of vehicle restrictions, some are restrictions on a certain road section, some are restrictions on certain time periods, some are restrictions on certain types of vehicles, and the most common one is restriction on last number. Among them, the tail number traffic restriction system is a traffic system that was created to alleviate urban traffic pressure. For example, during the 2008 Beijing Olympics test competition, Beijing began to restrict traffic on odd and even numbers. On odd-number days, only private cars with an odd number at the end of their vehicle number can be on the road; on even-number days, only private cars with an even number at the end of their vehicle number can be on the road.

Methods to guide the pros and cons of "car restrictions"

1. Environmental perspective: Reduce harmful gas emissions, mitigate air pollution and greenhouse effect —

2. Economic perspective: Promote people to buy a second car, increase car sales, promote economic development, and lead to an increase in car ownership

3. Social perspective: It relieves road traffic pressure and increases public transportation pressure, causing people to travel inconveniently.

Analysis of typical cases

Example 1 (2018 National II Physics Comprehensive Study) shows that nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are related to nitrogen in the atmosphere when forming haze (as shown in the figure below). Which of the following statements is wrong ()

A. The dispersants for fog and haze are the same

B. Smog contains ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate

C.NH3 is a catalyst for the formation of inorganic particles

D. The formation of haze is related to excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers

Answer:C

Analysis: The dispersant of fog and haze is air, item A is correct; according to the question information, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are inorganic particles, one of the factors that form haze, item B is correct; ammonia and nitric acid and sulfuric acid are respectively The formation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are reactants for the formation of inorganic particulate matter. Item C is incorrect. Excessive application of chemical fertilizers will lead to an increase in the ammonia content in the air, which promotes the increase in the content of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate in inorganic particulate matter. Item D is correct.

Point-to-point training 1 Car exhaust mainly contains substances such as CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, etc. This exhaust has gradually become one of the main sources of urban air pollution.

(1) CO in car exhaust comes from _______________, and NO comes from _______________. The main harms caused by automobile exhaust to the environment are _______________ (fill in at least two).

(2) NOx can form acid rain. Write the chemical equation for the conversion of NO2 into HNO3: _____.

(3) CO and NOx in automobile exhaust are treated by catalytic conversion at appropriate temperatures, allowing them to react with each other to generate non-toxic gases that participate in atmospheric circulation. Write the chemical equation for the reduction of NO by CO: __________.

Answer: (1) Incomplete combustion of gasoline. The reaction of N2 and O2 in the high-temperature environment of the automobile cylinder, forming nitric acid-type acid rain, causing photochemical smog, and producing the greenhouse effect (fill in any two)

Analysis: (1) The combustion reaction of gasoline is continuously going on in the automobile cylinder. When there is insufficient air, incomplete combustion of gasoline will produce CO; when there is excess air, N2 and O2 react under discharge or high temperature conditions to generate NO. Car exhaust is very harmful to the environment. It can form nitric acid-type acid rain, cause photochemical smog, and produce the greenhouse effect. (3) The non-toxic gases generated after the reaction of CO and NOx are CO2 and N2.

Learn scientific argumentation and demonstrate the pros and cons

Question exploration

Is restricting the number of cars with last number useful in controlling air pollution?

Tip: Through certain actual measurements and comparisons, it is concluded that the measures to limit the number of cars with last number have a certain effect on reducing air pollution.

Knowledge induction

Vehicle exhaust emissions have become a hotly criticized factor, especially diesel vehicles and some heavy-duty cars. Chemical culprits in these vehicle exhausts include particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Particulate matter is a type of smoke that can invade the lungs and cause cardiovascular disease, while nitrogen oxides can worsen breathing difficulties.

Micro project to demonstrate the rationality of vehicle restrictions in heavy pollution weather PPT, part 5: on-site testing

1. The Summer Universiade is a world-class comprehensive sports event second only to the Summer Olympics. The 31st Universiade will be held in Chengdu in 2021. "Green" is Chengdu's urban development concept and the organizing concept of this sports meeting. Which of the following statements is incorrect ()

A. The main components of the clean fuels compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) currently promoted in Chengdu are hydrocarbons

B. Metal materials used in the construction of sports venues may contain non-metallic elements

C. The core of "green chemistry" is the application of chemical principles to control environmental pollution

D. The use of new energy vehicles helps reduce nitrogen oxide emissions

Answer:C

Analysis: Item A, the main component of compressed natural gas (CNG) is methane, and the components of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are propane, butane, etc., so the main components of these two types of fuels are hydrocarbons, so A is correct; Item B, alloys may contain non-metallic elements, so B is correct; item C, the core of "green chemistry" is to control pollution from the source, rather than treating pollution, so C is wrong; item D, the use of new energy vehicles can reduce fossil fuels The use of fuel can reduce the use of conventional cars and reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides, so D is correct.

2. Currently, vehicle exhaust has become the main source of air pollution in many cities. Research shows that concrete or asphalt containing TiO2 can partially eliminate nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust. The principle is as follows:

Which of the following statements about the "elimination" process is incorrect ()

A. Part of the light energy is converted into chemical energy

B. The total change in elimination is NOx+O2+H2O→HNO3

C. Elimination reactions can occur around the clock

D. The elimination efficiency of using nano-TiO2 is higher

Answer:C

Analysis: Under the catalysis of TiO2, ultraviolet rays provide energy, and part of the light energy is converted into chemical energy. Therefore, item A is correct and does not meet the meaning of the question. The schematic diagram in the question shows that under the catalysis of TiO2, ultraviolet rays provide energy and a reaction occurs: NO+ O2+H2O→HNO3, so item B is correct and does not conform to the meaning of the question; the above reaction cannot occur in the absence of ultraviolet rays, so item C is incorrect and conforms to the meaning of the question; the contact area between nanometers and ultraviolet rays is larger, and more photogenerated electrons and photogenerated electrons will be produced holes, thereby eliminating more NOx, so item D is correct and does not conform to the meaning of the question.

3. Treat exhaust gas containing nitrogen oxides.

(1) Sodium hydroxide solution can be used to absorb nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas. The chemical equation of the reaction is as follows:

NO2+NO+2NaOH === 2NaNO2+H2O①

2NO2+2NaOH === NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O②

In reaction ①, the oxidizing agent is __________ and the reducing agent is __________. In reaction ②, the ratio of the amounts of oxidizing agent and reducing agent is __________.

(2) Car exhaust contains CO and NO. The way to eliminate the pollution of these two substances to the atmosphere is to install a catalytic converter to react them to generate N2 and CO2. The chemical equation of this reaction is ____________________.

(3) Under certain conditions, ammonia can also be used to convert nitrogen oxides into non-polluting substances. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and nitrogen dioxide under certain conditions: ____________________.

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"Micro Project Demonstrates the Rationality of "Car Restrictions" in Heavy Pollution Weather" PPT courseware on the nature and transformation of substances:

"Micro Project Demonstrates the Rationality of Vehicle Restrictions in Heavy Pollution Weather" PPT Courseware on the Nature and Transformation of Matter Part 1 Contents: Foundation of Necessary Knowledge Literacy 1. Social Scientific Issues 1. Meaning Social scientific issues refer to research and development using contemporary science and technology caused by...

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Update Time: 2024-06-27

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