"Understanding Organic Compounds" Organic Compounds PPT (Lesson 1)

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"Understanding Organic Compounds" Organic Compounds PPT (Lesson 1)

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Bonding characteristics of carbon atoms in organic compounds

1. Methane is the simplest organic compound. The molecular formula of methane is ___, the electronic formula is ________, and the structural formula is ________.

2. The structure and bonding characteristics of carbon atoms in organic matter

3. Reasons for the wide variety of organic species

(1) There are various ways of bonding between carbon atoms

①The bonding methods between carbon and carbon include single bond (___________), double bond (___________), and triple bond (___________).

② Multiple carbon atoms can be combined with each other to form a ___ shape, or they can be combined to form a ___ shape (and can be branched), as shown in the figure below.

③Carbon atoms can also form covalent bonds with various non-metal atoms such as __________________.

(2) The number of carbon atoms that make up organic matter is flexible

Organic molecules may contain only one or a few carbon atoms, or they may contain thousands of carbon atoms.

2. The structure of alkanes

1. Structure of Alkanes

(1) Structure of methane

The spatial configuration of methane is ________ structure, and the spatial diagram is ________. The ball-and-stick model of methane is ________ and the space-filling model is ________.

(2) Structural characteristics of alkanes

[Micro Pointing] The carbon in alkanes is combined into a chain. The chain is not "straight", but in a zigzag shape. The chain can also branch out, as shown in the figure.

2. Naming of alkanes

(1) Express

(2) When the number of carbon atoms n is the same but the structure is different, it is represented by ortho, hetero, and new.

(3) Example: C6H14 is named _____, C18H38 is named _______; the naming of the two molecules of C4H10:

When there is no branch chain: CH3CH2CH2CH3 is named _______; when there is a branch chain: it is named _______.

3. Homologues

(1) Concept: Compounds that are similar to _____ but differ by one or several _________ in molecular composition.

(2) Example: CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 are homologues of each other.

【Micro thinking】

How to determine whether organic compounds are homologues of each other?

Tips: The molecular structures of homologous substances are similar and they belong to the same class of substances; the compositions of homologous substances differ by one or several CH2 atomic groups.

4. Isomers

(1) Concept

①Isomerism: the phenomenon in which compounds have the same _______ but different _______.

② Isomers: Compounds with _____________.

(2) Write the isomers of C4H10: ___________ and __________.

(3) There are 3 isomers of pentane and __ types of isomers of hexane.

【Smart Judgment】

(1) Isomers have the same constituent elements. ()

Tips:√. Isomers have the same molecular formula, so the constituent elements must be the same.

(2) Compounds with the same relative molecular mass are isomers of each other. ()

Tip:×. Isomers have the same molecular formula and must have the same relative molecular mass. But compounds with the same relative molecular mass are not necessarily isomers.

Understanding organic compounds PPT, part 2: key abilities and literacy formation

Knowledge Point 1: Understanding and Judgment of Homologues

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Three key points in judging homologues:

(1) Homologues must have different numbers of carbon atoms (or molecular formulas).

(2) Homologues must have different relative molecular masses (the difference is 14 n).

2. Several "certain" and "not necessarily" points in judging homologues

(1) Homologues must differ by one or several "CH2" atomic groups in their molecular composition; but organic substances that differ by one or several "CH2" atomic groups in their molecular composition are not necessarily homologues.

(2) Homologous substances have the same general formula, but organic substances with the same general formula are not necessarily homologous.

(3) The chemical properties of homologues must be similar, but substances with similar chemical properties are not necessarily homologues.

(4) The relative molecular masses of homologues must be different.

【Migration·Application】

1. Among the following statements about homologues, which one is wrong ()

A. Homologues have the same simplest formula

B. Homologues can conform to the same general formula

C. Among homologues, adjacent homologues differ from each other in composition by one CH2 atom group.

D. The chemical properties of homologues are basically similar, and the physical properties change regularly as the number of carbon atoms increases.

[Analysis] Choose A. If the structure is similar, it must belong to the same type of substance, so it has the same general formula, but not necessarily the same simplest formula. A is wrong, B is correct; the composition of adjacent homologues differs by one CH2 atomic group, C is correct; because the structure is similar, so The chemical properties are basically similar, but the difference in composition causes the physical properties to change regularly as the number of carbon atoms increases. D is correct.

Knowledge Point 2: Writing and Judgment of Isomers

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Writing rules for alkane isomers

(1) Method shorthand: the main chain is from long to short, the branch chains are from whole to scattered, the position is from center to edge, and the arrangement is from pair to adjacent to middle.

(2) Writing principles and operating ideas: Choose the longest carbon chain as the main chain; find the central symmetry line; carbon atoms must satisfy four bonds; the chain end on the main chain cannot be connected to a methyl group, and the second chain on the main chain cannot be connected to a methyl group. The first carbon atom or the penultimate carbon atom cannot be connected to an ethyl group, otherwise the main chain will change and repeated structures will easily appear.

(3) Example: Writing the isomers of pentane (C5H12)

①First write the linear hydrocarbon with the longest carbon chain: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3.

② Remove one -CH3 from the main chain as a substituent (branch), and move possible positions on the obtained main chain in sequence to obtain _________.

2. "Equivalent hydrogen method" to determine the number of monohalogenated hydrocarbons

To determine the number of isomers of a certain hydrocarbon's monohalogen substituents, we must first observe whether the structure of the hydrocarbon is symmetrical.

(1) Hydrogen atoms connected to the same carbon atom are equivalent, such as 4 hydrogen atoms in methane.

(2) The hydrogen atoms on the methyl group (-CH3) connected to the same carbon atom are equivalent. For example, neopentane _____, its four methyl groups are equivalent, and the hydrogen atoms on each methyl group are completely equivalent. That is to say, the 12 hydrogen atoms in the neopentane molecule are equivalent.

(3) The hydrogen atoms in the molecule at a mirror-symmetric position (equivalent to the relationship between the object and the image when imaging by a plane mirror) are equivalent. For example, 18 hydrogen atoms in a _____ molecule are equivalent. If there are several equivalent hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule, then the hydrocarbon monohalogen substituted product will have several isomers.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] It is known that the number of electrons in an alkane molecule is 42.

(1)The molecular formula of this alkane is ____________.

(2) Write the simplified structural formulas of all isomers of the alkane molecule: ____________________.

[Problem-solving guide] To answer this question, you need to pay attention to the following two points:

(1) Be familiar with the general formula of alkanes and use the general formula to find the molecular formula;

(2) Master the steps for writing alkane isomers and write according to the operating procedures to avoid duplication or omission.

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Update Time: 2024-10-01

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