"Rational Use of Chemicals" Chemistry and Sustainable Development PPT

Description

"Rational Use of Chemicals" Chemistry and Sustainable Development PPT

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Rational use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

1. Use chemical fertilizers rationally

(1) Factors to consider: soil _______, crop nutritional status, and the nature of the fertilizer itself.

(2) Application examples: Ammonium nitrate is a high-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer, but it is prone to explosion when heated or hit, and must be modified before it can be applied.

(3) The harm of excessive application of chemical fertilizers

①Many chemical fertilizers are easily soluble in water, and excessive application causes waste.

② Some chemical fertilizers flow into rivers and lakes with rainwater, causing __________ and _____ and other pollution.

③Irrational application of chemical fertilizers will affect soil _______ and soil _____.

2. Use pesticides rationally

(1) Development of pesticides: Early pesticides included plants such as pyrethrum and tobacco, and inorganic substances such as Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulfur mixture. Now people have developed organic synthetic pesticides such as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate and pyrethroid pesticides.

(2) The development direction of pesticides: _____, _____ and _______.

(3) The harm of unreasonable application of pesticides

①Pesticides have extensive and complex impacts on ecosystems and the natural environment.

②Pesticides will cause pesticide residues in soil and crops to exceed standards.

③Pesticides can cause pollution to the atmosphere, surface water and groundwater.

【Micro thinking】

Dichlorvos or methamidophos pesticides are both ester substances. If you accidentally come into contact with dichlorvos or methamidophos pesticides during use, you can avoid poisoning by scrubbing them with soap immediately. Why?

Tip: Soap is highly alkaline. Dichlorvos and methamidophos are both ester substances and lose their toxicity when hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions.

2. Rational use of drugs

1. Classification of drugs: Drugs are divided into ________ and ________ according to their sources.

2. Mechanism of action of drugs

(1) Some drugs exert their effects by changing the physical and chemical environment around the body's cells, such as antacids.

(2) More drugs exert their efficacy through the combination of drug molecules with functional groups of biological macromolecules in the body, and their ________ are closely related to biological activity.

3. Aspirin

(1) The chemical name of aspirin is ___________ and it has _________ effects.

(2) The chemical equation for preparing aspirin using salicylic acid as raw material is:

(3) Adverse reactions: Long-term use of aspirin can cause stomachache, headache, dizziness, nausea and other uncomfortable symptoms.

4. Use drugs rationally

(1) Under the guidance of doctors and pharmacists, follow the principles of safety, effectiveness, economy, and appropriateness and use drugs rationally.

(2) Drug abuse is extremely harmful, such as long-term use of sleeping pills or sedatives without a prescription; abuse of antibiotics; taking stimulants, etc.

(3) Say no to drugs.

3. Safe use of food additives

1. Category, function, variety

2. Use: Reasonable use of food additives within the prescribed range will not have adverse effects on human health, but illegal use or excessive use of food additives will harm human health.

【Situation·Thinking】

"Most food additives are harmful to the human body when overdosed, so the use of food additives should be banned." Is this view correct? Why?

Tip: Incorrect. Food additives will not have adverse effects on human health if they are used reasonably within the prescribed range. Correct use of food additives can extend the shelf life of food or enhance food nutrition, which is beneficial. Food additives should be used rationally rather than banned.

Rational use of chemicals PPT, part 2: key capabilities and literacy formation

Knowledge points: Understand the rational use of chemicals

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Antibiotics

Antibiotics have good antibacterial effects, but they can also cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics and may cause some toxic side effects. These issues have attracted increasing attention. Antibiotics induce bacteria to produce antibodies, which can be passed on. For example, in its early use, penicillin can treat most diseases caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia, meningitis, tetanus, gonorrhea, etc. However, it is often ineffective in clinical treatment now. In addition, antibiotics can cause side effects, ranging from rashes to severe anemia, shock, and death. Antibiotics are prescription drugs.

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Food Additives

Food additives are a class of chemically synthesized or natural substances used to improve food quality, extend food shelf life, and increase food nutrients. The functions of food additives have the following four points: (1) Control chemical changes, physical changes, and microbial changes in food to reduce losses caused by food deterioration, reduce microbial hazards, and ensure food quality; (2) Prolong the shelf life of food Effective shelf life; (3) facilitates food processing and is beneficial to processing technology; (4) improves the color, aroma, taste and nutritional value of food. However, improper use can also cause harm to the human body. For example, excessive use of the preservative sodium nitrite may cause cancer.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) The misuse of antibiotics may cause the occurrence of drug resistance of certain bacteria in an area, making it very difficult to treat infections. If this continues, humans will be helpless against the bacteria. How to use medicine correctly?

Tips: Drugs should be used under the guidance of a doctor; read the product instruction manual and the usage instructions in the label in detail; understand the pharmacological properties of the drug, master the principles of combined use and separate use of drugs, and do not use drugs together at will; for external use Drugs should be diluted in an appropriate amount; when taken internally, take them as required, and do not increase the dosage at will, etc.

(2) Is the view that "highly toxic pesticides have the best insecticidal effect and should be vigorously promoted in agricultural production" correct? Why?

Tip: Incorrect. Highly toxic pesticides cause harm to human health and the ecological environment, and the use of highly toxic pesticides should be avoided.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] Which of the following chemical knowledge related to production and life is correct ()

A. Using high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides can not only increase crop yields, but also reduce pesticide residues.

B. Quick lime is often added to food packaging bags as an antioxidant to prevent food from deteriorating.

C. The scale in the water bottle bladder can be cleaned with saturated salt water

D. Alum can be used to purify water and desalinate seawater

【Migration·Application】

1. In order to improve the color, aroma and taste of food, we often add certain food additives to food. Which of the following food additives is used unreasonably ()

A. Add appropriate amount of salt when cooking food

B. In beverage production, appropriate amounts of natural pigments are often added

C. In the production of ham, add a large amount of sodium nitrite as a preservative

D. When cooking fish, add an appropriate amount of vinegar

[Analysis] Choose C. Sodium nitrite can cause cancer, so the dosage must be strictly controlled when used as a preservative.

2. "Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it." Medicines can cure diseases, but improper use of medicines can also cause harm to people. We should follow the doctor's advice and use medicines rationally. Regarding the use and functions of drugs, which of the following statements is correct ()

A.R means prescription drugs, OTC means over-the-counter drugs

B. Drugs are poisonous drugs

C. Western medicines are synthetic and poisonous and should not be eaten casually. Chinese medicines are natural, non-toxic and can be eaten with confidence.

D. Taking sleeping pills before going to bed and taking stimulants after getting up is very beneficial to students' learning.

3. According to common sense in chemistry, which of the following statements is correct ()

A. Cover the soil immediately after applying ammonium bicarbonate

B. Compound fertilizer is a mixture of two or more chemical fertilizers

C. Industrial salt can be used as table salt for cooking

D. The "iodine" in iodized salt usually refers to iodine element

Keywords: Free download of PPT courseware for high school chemistry compulsory course 2 from the People's Education Press, PPT download on the rational use of chemicals, PPT download on chemistry and sustainable development, .PPT format;

For more information about the PPT courseware "Chemistry and Sustainable Development: Rational Use of Chemicals", please click on the "Chemistry and Sustainable Development ppt: Rational Use of Chemicals" ppt tag.

File Info

Update Time: 2024-10-02

This template belongs to Chemistry courseware People's Education Press High School Chemistry Compulsory Course 2 industry PPT template

Preview