"Organic Compounds in Diet" Simple Organic Compounds PPT (Lesson 3 Carbohydrates and Fats)

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"Organic Compounds in Diet" Simple Organic Compounds PPT (Lesson 3 Carbohydrates and Fats)

Part 1: Essential knowledge and foundation of literacy

1. Sugar

1. Composition and classification

(1) Composition.

Sugar is a type of organic compound composed of three elements: _________. Most of its composition can be expressed by the general formula _________, and it was called ____________ in the past.

(2) Classification.

①Saccharides are classified according to their _____________ and _____________.

②Classification.

2. Glucose

(1) Composition and structure.

(2) Nature.

① React with newly prepared Cu(OH)2 suspension.

Experimental phenomena:_______________________.

Experimental conclusion: Glucose has _____ properties and can be oxidized by weak oxidants such as freshly prepared

The Cu(OH)2 suspension is oxidized to form a brick-red ________ precipitate.

② Oxidize slowly in human tissues to provide energy for life activities.

The chemical equation is _______________________.

3. Starch and cellulose

(1) Composition.

(2) Main properties.

Both are polysaccharides, and both can undergo _____ reactions, and the final products of the reactions are _______.

(3) Purpose.

①Starch provides _____ to the human body. The specific change process can be expressed as

Starch[(C6H10O5)n] Dextrin[(C6H10O5)x](x

Maltose (C12H22O11) Glucose (C6H12O6) _____________.

②In the human body, cellulose can stimulate intestinal peristalsis and promote the secretion of digestive juices, which helps _____ and _____ of food.

③ Use crops rich in _____ as raw materials to make wine, and use plant straws rich in _______ as raw materials to produce alcohol.

[Think about it] (1) Do all sugars have sweet taste?

Tip: Not necessarily. Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides have sweetness, while polysaccharides have no sweetness.

(2) Can all sugar compounds be represented by Cn(H2O)m?

Tip: Not necessarily. Some sugars can be represented by Cn(H2O)m, such as glucose, sucrose, etc.; but some sugars cannot be represented by Cn(H2O)m, such as rhamnose, whose molecular formula is C6H12O5.

【Smart Judgment】

(1) Monosaccharides are sugars with the smallest number of carbon atoms. ()

Tip:×. Monosaccharides are sugars that can no longer be hydrolyzed.

(2) Newly prepared copper hydroxide can be used to identify sucrose and glucose. ()

Tips:√. Glucose can react with newly prepared copper hydroxide to form a brick-red precipitate, but sucrose cannot.

(3) Sucrose and maltose are isomers. ()

Tips:√. The chemical formulas of sucrose and maltose are both C12H22O11, but their structures are different, so they are isomers.

(4) The final products of starch hydrolysis are carbon dioxide and water. ()

Tip:×. The final product of starch hydrolysis is glucose.

2. Grease

1. Composition and structure

Among them, R1, R2, and R3 may be the same or different. Natural oils and fats belong to _______ (fill in “pure substance” or “mixture”).

2. Classification

3.Physical properties

Organic Compounds in Diet PPT, Part 2: Key Competencies·Quality Formation

Knowledge point 1: The composition, structure and properties of sugars

[Key points to clarify doubts]

1. Glucose

(1) Molecular structural characteristics.

(2) Chemical properties.

2. Maltose and sucrose

(1) The molecular formulas are both C12H22O11, and they are isomers of each other;

(2) Both are disaccharides and can be hydrolyzed to form two molecules of monosaccharides under certain conditions.

3. Judgment of the degree of starch hydrolysis and inspection of hydrolyzate products.

(1) Experimental principle. Use newly prepared Cu(OH)2 suspension and iodine water to check whether the starch has been hydrolyzed in the aqueous solution and whether the hydrolysis has been completed.

(2) Experimental steps.

(3) Experimental phenomena and conclusions.

[Summary of rules] Testing method for the degree of starch hydrolysis

(1) When testing hydrolyzate, first add NaOH solution to neutralize H2SO4 before conducting the experiment. Otherwise, the newly prepared copper hydroxide suspension will react with sulfuric acid and the correct conclusion cannot be obtained.

(2) To verify whether there is starch in the mixed solution, you should directly add iodine water to the hydrolyzed mixed solution instead of adding iodine water after adding NaOH solution. Otherwise, the correct conclusion cannot be obtained due to the reaction between iodine and NaOH.

【Think·Discussion】

(1) Will red precipitate be formed when sugar and newly prepared copper hydroxide suspension are heated together?

Tip: Not necessarily. Glucose and fructose have this phenomenon, but sucrose and polysaccharides do not.

(2) Are starch and cellulose isomers of each other?

Hint: No. Starch and cellulose are polymer compounds composed of hundreds to thousands of glucose units. Their general formula is (C6H10O5)n, but because the value of n is not fixed, they are not isomers.

【Case Demonstration】

[Typical example] (2019·Hengshui Senior High School Test) Ribose is an important raw material for the synthesis of nucleic acids. Its simplified structural formula is CH2OHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHO. The following description about ribose is correct ()

A. It is an isomer with glucose.

B. Can react with silver ammonia solution to form silver mirror

C. Homologues with glucose

D. Can make litmus solution turn red

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Update Time: 2024-07-06

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