"End of Chapter Review" Energy and Sustainable Development PPT

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"End of Chapter Review" Energy and Sustainable Development PPT

Part One: Practical High School Entrance Examination

Test Point 1 Energy and Energy Classification

Energy is the material basis for the survival of human society and has always been the focus of people's attention. According to different classification standards, energy has different classification methods. At present, most of the energy used by humans is non-renewable fossil energy, which has caused serious environmental pollution. With the decrease of coal, oil, natural gas and other resources, the problems of developing new energy and protecting human living environment have become increasingly prominent.

Example 1 　[Yancheng High School Entrance Examination] Which of the following uses non-renewable energy to generate electricity ()

A． Wind power plant B. hydropower station

C. Thermal power plant D. Photovoltaic power station

Test Point 2 Utilization of Nuclear Energy

There are two ways to develop and utilize nuclear energy: one is to use the energy released by nuclear fission; the other is to use the energy released by nuclear fusion. Atomic bombs are weapons that release huge energy in a very short period of time without controlling nuclear fission; while nuclear power plants can artificially control the speed of chain reactions and use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Hydrogen bombs are made using the principle of nuclear fusion. The core of a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor, which uses uranium as nuclear fuel. The nuclear energy released in the reactor is converted into the internal energy of high-temperature steam, which is then converted into electrical energy through a turbine generator. Nuclear power generation has the characteristics of less fuel consumption, less waste residue, no pollution, and low cost. It is especially suitable for areas lacking coal, oil and hydropower resources. However, when using nuclear energy to generate electricity, it is necessary to prevent the leakage of radioactive materials, avoid radioactive contamination, and ensure safety.

Example 2 [Luzhou High School Entrance Examination] Among the following statements about nuclear energy, which one is correct ()

A． Nuclear energy, like coal and oil, is a conventional energy source, not a new energy source

B． Nuclear energy is a renewable energy source like solar energy, wind energy and hydro energy.

C. Fission and fusion of atomic nuclei release huge amounts of energy. This is nuclear energy.

D. Hydrogen bomb explosions are the result of nuclear fission

Test point three: Utilization of solar energy

Solar energy comes from thermonuclear reactions (hydrogen nuclear fusion) occurring inside the sun. The characteristics of solar energy are inexhaustible, clean and pollution-free. Solar energy is not only a primary energy source, but also a renewable energy source and a new energy source. The sun is the treasure house of human energy. In addition to geothermal energy, tidal energy and nuclear energy, most of the energy used by humans, such as water energy, wind energy, biomass energy, fossil energy, etc., come from solar energy. There are three ways to convert solar energy into other forms of energy: photothermal conversion, photoelectric conversion and actinic conversion.

Example 3 The illustration in the "Suizhou High School Entrance Examination" textbook "Solar hat, the panel converts solar energy into kinetic energy of the fan blades", as shown in Figure 22-Z-1, triggered some associations in Xiao Cong, Which of the following statements he made is wrong ()

A． Solar energy is essentially the energy released by nuclear reactions within the sun

B． Solar energy is a “secondary energy source” and a non-renewable energy source

C. Visible light in sunlight is electromagnetic waves

D. Sunlight can travel in a vacuum

Test Point 4: Comprehensive calculations in energy utilization

Example 4 "Nanjing High School Entrance Examination" When using a gas stove to boil water, 2.2 kg of water with an initial temperature of 25 ℃ is heated to 100 ℃, and a total of 45 g of natural gas is burned (assuming that the natural gas is completely burned). It is known that the calorific value of natural gas is 4.4×107 J/kg and the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2×103 J/(kg·℃).

(1) Natural gas is _______ (optional "renewable" or "non-renewable") energy. In the process of boiling water, a large amount of energy lost outward will not be automatically collected again, which shows that the transformation and transfer of energy are ________.

(2) The internal energy of water increases by _______J. (3) The efficiency of gas stove to boil water is ____.

Example 5 [Huaian High School Entrance Examination] Solar energy is called the new energy of the 21st century. A solar car is a new type of car that uses solar cells to convert received solar energy into electrical energy, and then uses an electric motor to drive it. Shown in Figure 22-Z-2 is a solar experimental vehicle. The effective area of ​​the solar panel on the car is S=8 m2. On a clear day, the radiant power per square meter of the solar panel vertically illuminated by the solar panel is P=1 kW. The voltage generated by the panel is U=120 V, which provides a current of I=10 A to the motor on the car. Please answer:

(1) What is the efficiency of solar cells in converting solar energy into electrical energy?

(2) If the efficiency of the car's electric motor in converting electrical energy into mechanical energy is 75%, and the traction force is 120 N when the car is traveling at a constant speed on a level road, what is the speed of the car?

Review PPT at the end of the chapter, part 2: Entering the majors and high schools

Advantage 1: Solar energy

As a new type of clean energy, solar energy has been widely used. The physical properties, energy conversion and application of related physical knowledge of various solar equipment have become hot topics in the high school entrance examination. The knowledge involved is highly comprehensive, including optics, mechanics, thermal science, electricity, etc. Knowledge points, common question types include knowledge application questions, experimental design questions, material reading questions, final calculation questions, etc. The purpose is to test students' computing ability, knowledge application ability, scientific inquiry and practical innovation ability, etc.

Typical Example 1 (Final question of the high school entrance examination) Scientific and technological personnel designed a movable solar water floating house (shown in Figure 22-Z-3A), which has the advantages of being warm in winter and cool in summer. There are solar panels installed on the surface of the floating house, and the solar power received by the panels is 1.6×104 W. The main structure of the triangular building of the floating house is hollow, and the area of ​​the periphery of the triangular building (that is, excluding the cavity on this surface) is 1.0×103 m2. , the air density is 1.2 kg/m3. It is known that the kinetic energy of the air is proportional to the air mass. The kinetic energy (E) of 1 kg of air at different speeds (V) is as shown in the table below.

(1) The floating house is warm in winter and cool in summer, taking advantage of the relatively large ________ characteristic of water.

(2) It can be seen from the table data that the expression of the relationship between kinetic energy per kilogram of air and speed is E=_______.

(3) The floating house moves in a straight line on calm water, and the resistance it receives during the movement remains unchanged. The relationship between the traction force F in the horizontal direction and the movement time t is shown in Figure B. After t=50 s, the floating house makes a uniform linear motion at a speed of 2.5 m/s. Then, during the entire movement process, what is the efficiency of the floating house in converting solar energy into mechanical energy?

(4) If the wind blows exactly perpendicular to the triangular surface, when the wind speed is 8 m/s, how many kilograms of air mass blows to the triangular building per second?

(5) If the wind blows exactly perpendicular to the triangular surface, when the wind speed is 20 m/s, the wind energy obtained by the floating house in 1 hour is equivalent to the internal energy generated by the complete combustion of how many kilograms of coal? (The calorific value of coal is 3.2×107 J/kg)

Advantage 2: Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy is a new type of energy that has not been studied in depth in junior high school. The physics test questions in the high school entrance examination often appear as extended reading questions. An effective way to answer such questions is to read the article with the questions in mind. Reading science and technology articles, finding useful information and solving related problems by combining the learned physics knowledge is a relatively common high school entrance examination question in recent years. It tests reading ability, information processing ability and application ability of physics knowledge, and can also improve autonomy. learning ability.

Example 2 (Extended material question) Today, when conventional fossil energy is in short supply, nuclear energy has received great attention. Today, 21% of US electricity comes from nuclear power. The general composition of a nuclear power plant is shown in Figure 22-Z-4. The nuclear reaction of nuclear materials in the atomic reactor produces a large amount of internal energy. The coolant brings this internal energy to the heat exchanger to turn water into water vapor, and the water vapor drives the steam. The turbine drives the generator to generate electricity, ultimately converting nuclear energy into electrical energy.

Please fill in the appropriate content in the spaces below:

(1) Nuclear power plants use _______ energy to generate electricity. From the perspective of energy classification, nuclear energy belongs to _______ (optional "primary energy" or "secondary energy").

(2) When a generator generates electricity, the coil rotates in _______ to generate current. This phenomenon is called ___________ phenomenon in physics.

(3) The nuclear energy required by nuclear power plants is the energy released by atomic nuclei _______ (optional "fission" or "fusion"). The reaction process is _______ (optional "controllable" or "uncontrollable").

(4) If a nuclear power plant requires 50 t of nuclear fuel per year, and a thermal power plant of the same size requires 6×106 t of coal per year. Then the heat released by the complete combustion of 6×106 t of coal is _______J. (The calorific value of coal is 3×107 J/kg)

(5) Nuclear waste from nuclear power plants has _______ properties and will cause considerable harm to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to bury nuclear waste deep in sparsely populated desert areas. At the same time, how to protect the environment when developing new energy sources is a challenge faced by mankind. A big topic.

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