"For the Rise of the Chinese Nation" Unyielding Chinese PPT Courseware 4

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"For the Rise of the Chinese Nation" Unyielding Chinese PPT Courseware 4

Westernization Movement

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement, refers to the reform movement of "learning from the skills of the barbarians for self-improvement" launched across the country by the Westernization faction within the Qing government from 1861 (beginning at the end of the 10th year of Xianfeng's reign) to 1894. After the two Opium Wars, the ruling class of the Qing government was divided between the "Westernizationists" and the "Conservatives" on how to solve a series of internal and external troubles. The Westernizationists advocated the use of government-run, government-supervised and commercial-run, government-business joint ventures, etc. Develop new industries and enhance national strength to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government. It also laid a certain foundation for China to enter modernization.

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Zeng Guofan (1811-1872), a native of Xiangxiang, Hunan, was born into a landlord family. In 1838, he was promoted to Jinshi, and in 1839, he was appointed Minister of Public Affairs. He admired Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism. In 1853, Emperor Xianfeng appointed him as the assistant minister of regiment training to supervise the landlord's armed regiment training in Hunan. He established an armed force of landlords. The soldiers and generals were all Hunanese, so they were called "Xiang Army" or "Xiang Yong". The Hunan Army used regional and feudal relations as ties to consolidate its internal affairs; it used Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism as its ideological arm; it used trophies and official titles to boost morale; most of its generals were selected from the so-called "Confucians", "Shengyuan" and other landlord intellectuals. In February 1854, the Hunan Army was trained to have about 17,000 soldiers on land and water.

The main reason for the failure of the Westernization Movement

First, without touching the decadent feudal autocracy, the Westernization movement tried to use some of the advantages of Western capitalism to maintain feudal autocracy. This contradiction between means and foundation made the Westernization Movement doomed to be impossible to succeed. At the same time, the Westernization Movement was obstructed and sabotaged by diehards at every turn, thus increasing the resistance to its development.

Second, the class limitations of the Westernizationists themselves determined that they were not only the founders and operators of modern industry, but also their destroyers and destroyers. Their feudal yamen and bureaucratic system would inevitably lead to the failure of Westernization enterprises.

Third, one of the purposes of the Westernization Movement was to resist foreign aggression. However, when conducting diplomatic activities, the Westernizationists insisted on "maintaining peace with the enemy" and compromising and surrendering to foreign countries. The modern enterprises they founded had the ability to resist foreign aggression and "take advantage of the foreigners." ” effect, but it cannot change China’s semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status.

During the Sino-Japanese War of 1884-1894, the goals of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" advertised by the Westernizationists failed to be realized, and the Westernization Movement basically failed.

Fourth, most Chinese people at that time knew little about Westernization, and their minds were still at the stage of being bound by ignorance, superstition and feudal ethics.

Reasons for the reform

(1) The national crisis was serious at the end of the 19th century. ——Historical mission: to save the nation and survive. (The main reason is imperialist aggression, and an important reason is the corrupt rule of the Qing government)

(2) The initial development of national capitalism at the end of the 19th century (after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894)—historical mission: to develop capitalism. See the reason before.

(3) The national bourgeoisie stepped onto the stage of history (symbol - the “Sign on the Bus” triggered by the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895)

(4) 1990s: The further development of bourgeois reform ideas. (Early reform thought: Time: after the 1860s; Reason: The introduction of Western capitalist ideas and the emergence of Chinese national capitalism. Representative figures: Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying, Feng Guifen. Advocacy: Economically develop national industry and commerce, and expand cooperation with foreign countries Commercial war; culturally, learning and spreading Western natural science; politically, advocating the implementation of a constitutional monarchy.)

Why did the Red Army go on the Long March?

The Long March Road Map of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in October 1934. Due to the erroneous leadership of Wang Ming's "Left" adventurism and the fact that the enemy was strong and we were weak, the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" war in the Central Revolutionary Base Area (also known as the Central Soviet Area) failed. , the main force of the Red Army's First Front Army (Central Red Army) began the Long March, while leaving part of the Red Army to persist in guerrilla warfare on the spot. In August, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission ordered the Sixth Red Army Corps to withdraw from the Soviet areas of Hunan and Jiangxi and develop guerrilla warfare in central Hunan in order to explore ways for the strategic transfer of the Central Red Army.

Flying to seize Luding Bridge

On May 25, 1935, after the first unit of the 1st Regiment of the 1st Division of the 1st Red Army, the vanguard of the Long March of the Central Red Army, successfully forcibly crossed the Dadu River at Ansunchang, Sichuan Province, Chiang Kai-shek urgently mobilized two brigades of the Sichuan Army to reinforce Luding Bridge. In order to quickly cross the Dadu River and thwart the Kuomintang army's attempt to attack the Red Army from behind, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided that the 1st Division and the Cadre Regiment of the 1st Red Army would continue to cross the river from Anshunchang and go north along the left bank of the Dadu River. The main force would move from Anshunchang along the right bank of the Dadu River. Going north, the two roads crossed the river and quickly captured the Luding Bridge. On the morning of the 27th, the leading force on the right, the 4th Regiment of the 2nd Division of the 1st Red Army, led by regimental commander Wang Kaixiang and political commissar Yang Chengwu, set out from Anshun Field and defeated the Sichuan Army's blockade along the way. After 2 days and nights, they forcibly marched 160 kilometers and occupied it on the morning of the 29th. West bridge of Luding Bridge. Luding Bridge spans the Sichuan-Kangmao Road, with a total length of more than 100 meters and a width of 2.8 meters. It is composed of 13 iron cables and spans the turbulent Dadu River. There are cliffs on both sides. The east bridge head is connected to Luding City. The 38th Regiment of the 4th Brigade of the Sichuan Army defending the city (less than 1 battalion) had removed the wooden planks on the bridge before the arrival of the Red Army, leaving only the hanging iron cables. At 16:00 that day, 22 commandos including Liao Dazhu, commander of the 2nd company of the 4th Red Regiment, braved the intensive firepower of the Sichuan Army under the cover of the whole regiment's firepower, climbed the iron rope and charged towards the other side. When they approached the bridgehead, the Sichuan Army suddenly launched fire. After breaking the barrier, the commando bravely passed through the wall of fire, rushed into Luding City, and started a street battle with the Sichuan army. The follow-up troops entered the battle in time. After fierce fighting, the Red Army occupied Luding City. One part of the Sichuan Army was wiped out, and the rest fled towards the sky. At the same time, the 1st Red Division and the Cadre Regiment defeated the Sichuan Army's blockade, successfully reached Luding City, and coordinated the 4th Red Regiment's battle to seize the bridge. Then, the main force of the Central Red Army crossed the naturally dangerous Dadu River from the Luding Bridge, shattering Chiang Kai-shek's attempt to annihilate the Red Army south of the Dadu River.

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Update Time: 2024-07-05

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