"Grasp the connection and difference between ancient and modern word meanings" word accumulation and word explanation PPT

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"Grasp the connection and difference between ancient and modern word meanings" word accumulation and word explanation PPT

Part One: Exploring the polysemy of a word

【related information】

Polysemy means that a word has several interrelated meanings. It exists in ancient and modern Chinese. In classical Chinese, due to the large number of monosyllabic words, this phenomenon is more common. This is a major problem in learning classical Chinese. To grasp the polysemy of a word, pay attention to understanding the original meaning, extended meaning, metaphorical meaning, etc. of the word.

1. The original meaning of a word refers to the original meaning of the word

Such as "yin": "Shuowen" explains "open the bow", the original meaning is to draw the bow. The word "yin" in the idiom "to lead but not to send out" uses the original meaning of "yin". Other meanings such as "extending, extending, guiding, retreating", etc. are all derived from the meaning of "opening the bow".

2. The extended meaning of the word

Among the several meanings of polysemy, the meaning derived from the original meaning is called the extended meaning. The extended meaning is closely related to the original meaning. The original meaning is the basis of the extended meaning, and the extended meaning is the development of the original meaning. There is only one original meaning, but the extended meaning can have one, several, a dozen or even dozens of them. These meanings are all related to the original meaning. The connection in meaning and the phenomenon of polysemy arise from this. Extended meanings can be divided into far and near meanings. Those that are closer to the original meaning are called near extensions, and those that are far from the original meaning are called far extensions. Distant extensions are generally extended from near extensions, so they are also called indirect extensions, and near extensions are also called direct extensions.

3. Metaphorical meaning of words

Metaphorical meaning is a new meaning that uses the original meaning of a word to compare another thing and communicates the similarities between the two. For example, "siblings" are used to describe "brothers", and "tiger's mouth" is used to describe "dangerous situations".

Grasp the connection and difference between ancient and modern word meanings PPT, the second part of the content: Grasp the difference between ancient and modern meanings

【related information】

The evolution of ancient and modern word meanings

The evolution of word meanings in ancient and modern times is mainly reflected in the following five aspects:

1. Expansion of word meaning

In classical Chinese, the original meaning of some words was relatively narrow, but later its meaning developed and its application scope became wider than before. This phenomenon is called the expansion of word meaning. For example, the word "river" in "If there is bad luck in the river, move its people to the east of the river" ("The Story of a Silent Man on the Country"), in ancient times it was a proper noun, referring to the Yellow River, but now it has been expanded to a general name for general reference.

2.Narrow the meaning of words

The shrinking of word meaning refers to the phenomenon that the ancient meaning of a word gradually becomes narrower with the changes of the times. For example, the word "gold" in "Gold will benefit from hardening" ("Encouraging Learning") originally refers to all metals in general, but in modern Chinese it specifically refers to gold.

3. Weakening of word meaning

The weakening of word meaning refers to the weakening of the degree of word meaning. For example, the familiar word "hungry" in "hunger" refers to severe hunger in ancient times, which has reached the level of death threat. For example, "hungry" is used in "Mencius" "Hungry of the body and skin, empty of the body" The ancient meaning of "hungry" in modern Chinese refers to general hunger.

4. Word meaning transfer

The meanings of some words in ancient Chinese, with the development of history, were transferred from the original object to express another object. The difference between ancient and modern times is large and there is no obvious connection. This is called the transfer of word meanings. This phenomenon is relatively common in classical Chinese vocabulary. For example, the word "walk" in "Abandoning the soldiers and dragging their armor and walking" ("The Story of a Silent Man on the Country") means "to run, to escape" in ancient times, but today it means "to walk step by step".

5. Changes in emotional color

In the historical process of the evolution of ancient and modern word meanings, the phenomenon of mutual transformation of praise and blame is called the change of emotional color of word meanings. For example, "Those who can slander and ridicule the city and court and hear the ears of few people will be rewarded" ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi to accept remonstrance"). The "slander" in it means "criticism and discussion", but today's "slander" is The meaning of "malicious slander" has been changed from a neutral term to a derogatory term. There is also the familiar "The late emperor did not treat his ministers as despicable" ("Chu Shi Biao"). The "despicable" in "Chu Shi Biao" refers to low status, and "despicable" refers to shallow knowledge, which is not derogatory. The current "despicable" refers to poor quality, which has been become a derogatory term.

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Update Time: 2024-07-01

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