"Genes Direct Protein Synthesis" Gene Expression PPT

Description

"Genes Direct Protein Synthesis" Gene Expression PPT

Part One: Curriculum Standard Requirements

1. Name the structures and functions of three RNAs.

2. Describe the process of transcription and translation.

3. Explain the relationship between codons, anticodons and amino acids.

4. Explain the content of the central dogma.

Literacy requirements

1. Concept of life: By mastering the expression process of genetic information, we can clarify the significance of proteins as the main bearers of life activities.

2. Scientific thinking: Use mathematical methods to analyze the correspondence between the number of bases, codons, and amino acids on DNA during the transcription and translation processes.

Gene-guided protein synthesis PPT, part 2: text analysis

1. Composition and classification of RNA

Basic review · Consolidate the foundation of teaching materials

1. Structure of RNA

(1)Basic units and composition

①_______; ②_______; ③Base: ______________; ④______________.

(2) Spatial structure: generally _______ and shorter than DNA.

2. Comparison of RNA and DNA

3. Types of RNA and their functions

Judgment of right and wrong · Correction is easy to be confused and easy to make mistakes

(1) Both DNA and RNA contain ribose ()

(2)RNA is the genetic material of some viruses ()

Deepen exploration and solve problems

If we start with a nucleic acid molecule based on its chemical composition, how can we determine whether it is DNA or RNA? (regardless of special circumstances)

Tips: (1) Judgment based on the type of five-carbon sugar: if there is ribose, it must be RNA; if there is deoxyribose, it must be DNA.

(2) Judgment based on the type of nitrogenous base: if it contains T, it must be DNA; if it contains U, it must be RNA.

(3) Based on the comparison of nitrogenous base content: if the number of purines ≠ the number of pyrimidines, it is definitely not double-stranded DNA.

2. Transcription of genetic information

Basic review · Consolidate the foundation of teaching materials

1. Concept: RNA is synthesized in _______ by RNA polymerase using ______________ as a template. This process is called transcription.

2. Process

In conclusion

(1) Transcription is not the transcription of the entire DNA, but the genes in it. Different types of cells have different types and quantities of mRNA due to the selective expression of genes, but there is no difference in the types of tRNA and rRNA.

(2) RNA transcribed in the nucleus enters the cytoplasm through nuclear pores and passes through the 0-layer membrane, which requires energy.

(3) RNA that has completed its normal mission is easily degraded quickly, ensuring the orderly progress of life activities.

(4) Plasma genes (genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts) control protein synthesis and are also transcribed.

Judgment of right and wrong · Correction is easy to be confused and easy to make mistakes

(1) The product of genetic information transcription is only mRNA ()

(2) Transcription uses two strands of DNA as templates and four types of ribonucleotides as raw materials ()

(3) The RNA synthesis process in cells does not occur outside the nucleus ()

Deepen exploration and solve problems

Use the following illustrations to answer the relevant questions.

1. What are the similarities between processes A and B? What implications does this have for ensuring accurate transcription of genetic information?

Tip: A represents DNA replication and B represents transcription.

Both transcription and replication require templates and follow the principle of complementary base pairing. In eukaryotic cells, they mainly occur in the nucleus. The principle of complementary base pairing can ensure the accuracy of genetic information transmission.

2. What are the differences between processes A and B?

Tip: (1) A and T are paired during DNA replication, and A and U are paired during transcription.

(2) During DNA replication, one DNA molecule is copied completely to form two DNA molecules; transcription is carried out in units of genes. In the DNA molecule, only the fragments (genes) in the expressed state will be transcribed, and the transcription forms a single Stranded RNA.

3. What are the similarities and differences between the base sequence of the RNA formed by transcription and the base sequence of its DNA template strand and non-template strand?

Tip: The base sequence of the RNA formed by transcription is in a complementary pairing relationship with the base sequence of the DNA template strand; it is basically the same as the base sequence of the non-template strand, except that the position of T on the DNA strand is U on the RNA strand.

3. Translation of genetic information

Basic review · Consolidate the foundation of teaching materials

1. Translation

Location: on the _______ of the cytoplasm

template:______

Ingredients: 21 kinds_______

Energy: ATP

Transport tool: tRNA

Product: _______ with a certain amino acid sequence

2. Morphological and functional characteristics of tRNA

(1) Shape: The RNA chain passes through _______ and forms a _______ shape.

(2) Functional characteristics: Each tRNA can only recognize and transport _______ amino acids.

3. Codons and anticodons

(1) The codon is _______ (fill in the serial number), which is located on the [④]_______ (fill in the name). It is essentially the base that determines the _______ of an amino acid.

(2) The anticodon is _______ (fill in the serial number), which is located on [③] _______ (fill in the name). It is essentially three adjacent bases complementary to _______ base.

(3) The types of codons are _______. Under normal circumstances, the types of anticodons are _______.

5. Reasons why translation can be carried out accurately

(1)_______ provides a precise template for translation.

(2) Through ______________, it is ensured that the translation can be carried out accurately.

6. Reasons why translation can be carried out efficiently

One mRNA molecule can bind to _______ ribosomes one after another and synthesize multiple peptide chains at the same time.

4. Central dogma

Basic review · Consolidate the foundation of teaching materials

1. Proposed by: ______________.

2.Content

①DNA replication: genetic information flows from _______ to _______.

②_______: Genetic information flows from _______ to _______.

③Translation: Genetic information flows from _______ to _______.

④______________: Genetic information flows from _______ to _______.

⑤_______: Genetic information flows from _______ to _______.

Judgment of right and wrong · Correction is easy to be confused and easy to make mistakes

(1) The central dogma represents the flow process of genetic information ()

(2) Genetic information can only flow from DNA to RNA and then to protein ()

(3) There is no RNA in DNA viruses, and the transmission of genetic information does not follow the central dogma ()

Apply what you learn ·Expand link examples

Write down the following types of biological genetic information transmission processes:

Prokaryotes; eukaryotes; DNA viruses; RNA replicating viruses; retroviruses.

Gene-guided protein synthesis PPT, part 3: in-class drills and knowledge implementation

1. Which of the following statements about RNA is incorrect?

A. Some RNAs can catalyze certain biochemical reactions in cells

B. The basic unit of RNA is composed of phosphate, ribose and nitrogenous bases

C.RNA participates in forming ribosomes

D.RNA participates in the formation of cell membranes

2. (2019·Xingtai School Level Monthly Examination) The picture shows the pattern diagram of nucleotides. Which of the following related statements is correct?

A.DNA and RNA differ only in ② nucleotides

B. If you want to form ATP, just add two phosphate groups at the ① position

C.③There are only 4 types of human genetic material

D. Each ② in the DNA molecule is connected to only one ①

3. (2019·Qufu Normal University Senior High School Examination) Regarding the description of codons and anticodons, which one is correct?

A. Codons are located on mRNA and anticodons are located on tRNA

B. Codons are located on tRNA and anticodons are located on mRNA

C. Codons are located on rRNA and anticodons are located on tRNA

D. Codons are located on rRNA and anticodons are located on mRNA

4. (2018 Jilin No. 2 Middle School Monthly Examination) The picture below is a schematic diagram of gene expression. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Process ① is a transcription process, which can only occur in the nucleus in plant cells.

B. Process ② is carried out on ribosomes, and the required raw materials are 4 kinds of ribonucleotides

C. Processes ① and ② can be carried out simultaneously in prokaryotes

D. The base pairing methods in processes ① and ② are exactly the same

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Update Time: 2024-10-02

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