From the 1450s to the present, type foundries have used lead alloys to cast typefaces, although through the 19th century, wood continued to be the material for some large typefaces called wood types, especially in the United States.
In the 1890s, the mechanization of typesetting allowed the automatic conversion of typefaces into lines of text of the required size and length. This was called continuous casting and remained profitable and widely used until its demise in the 1970s. The first machine of this type was the Linotype machine invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler.
During a brief transitional period (approximately 1950s to 1990s), the photographic technique was known as phototypesetting, which utilized small, high-resolution images of individual glyphs on film strips (in the form of film negatives, with letters as clear area). opaque black background). A high-intensity light source behind the film strip projects the image of each glyph through an optical system that focuses the desired letters at a specific size and position onto photosensitive phototypesetting paper. This phototypesetting process allows for optical scaling, allowing designers to produce multiple sizes from one typeface, although the physical limitations of the reproduction system used still require design changes to be made at different sizes. Such as ink collectors and spikes to spread out the ink encountered during the printing stage. The manually operated phototypesetting system that used type on slides allowed for fine kerning between letters without the need for manual typesetting, thus giving rise to an expanding type design industry in the 1960s and 1970s.
Baudin Daniel
Typeface Design Works Design Director
Timișoara, Romania
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