The Yangtze River Basin is an important origin of my country's agricultural civilization and the origin center of rice, as well as the main production area of the "Eight Immortals of Water" in the south of the Yangtze River. "Baima Lake is flat in the autumn sun, and purple water chestnuts are flying like brocade luan. Boating is full of women, picking water chestnuts regardless of Ma Lang." These verses remind people of the beautiful pictures of Jiangnan women picking water chestnuts and digging lotus roots in autumn.
As one of the "Eight Immortals of Water", water chestnut has become one of the staple foods in the Jiangnan area during the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Taihu Lake area alone, more than 20 cultivated varieties including Wuling and Nanhu Ling have been formed. According to the number of corners, water chestnuts can be divided into non-cornered water chestnuts, two-cornered water chestnuts, and four-cornered water chestnuts. In ancient times, the one with two horns was called "ling", and the common species was Wuling; the one with four horns was called "芰", and many of them were wild. Among them, the wild water chestnut with the smallest fruit has been listed as a national second-class endangered plant; The horned water chestnut is specially produced in Nanhu Lake, Jiaxing, also known as Yuanbao Ling. Archaeological research shows that human cultivation and domestication of water chestnut can be traced back to the Neolithic period. However, how the water chestnut originated, when it was domesticated by humans, and which genes regulate the size of the water chestnut are still unclear. Answering these scientific questions will deepen our understanding of the origin and domestication of niche crops, and lay a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of wild water chestnut resources.
Recently, the team of Qiu Yingxiong, a researcher in the East Asian Plant Evolution, Protection and Utilization Discipline Group of Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, cooperated with Zhejiang University to publish a research paper online in the journal Plant Biotechnology. The scientific research team resequenced 57 individuals of cultivated Ouling, wild Oling, and fine-fruited Oling within the distribution range in China, and determined three genome types of Rhizoma genus. The simulation results of the model show that the divergence of the diploid Euonymus chinensis and the wild water chestnut occurred about 1 million years ago, and climate turmoil led to the formation of the two species through hybridization in the middle and late Pleistocene (about 126,000 to 10,000 years ago) Allotetraploid Ou Ling.
The study used phylogenetic analysis to confirm that all cultivated water chestnuts were derived from diploid Ou water chestnut, which originated in the Yangtze River Basin. Consistent with archaeological evidence and historical documents, the model simulation results support that the domestication history of cultivated water chestnut can be traced back to the Neolithic period (about 6,300 years ago), and was further improved in the Southern Song Dynasty (about 800 years ago), producing such as Wuling, etc. Featured varieties. This study analyzed the origin and domestication process of Rhizoma plants, deepened our understanding of the polyploid origin, evolution and domestication of aquatic plants, and proved that the Yangtze River Basin is an important origin of agricultural civilization in my country, and the analysis of a large number of genomic resources is also It laid the foundation for molecular assisted breeding of Diamond.
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