What is the central idea of ​​a free and unfettered tour? How to reach the realm of a free and unfettered tour?

When we were young in Chinese class, the teacher always asked us to do two things after familiarizing ourselves with the text, one is to summarize the general idea of ​​the paragraph, The second is to refine the central idea of ​​the article. Facts have proved that this is indeed a good reading method. Today we will apply this method to the text of Zhuangzi's first "Xiaoyaoyou" to understand Zhuangzi's text full of joyful romantic spirit and profound philosophical thinking. Great work.

This article is called "A Happy Journey". "Xiaoyaoyou" sounds refreshing. "Xiaoyao" means unrestrained, free and leisurely, and the word "you" represents another beautiful state: the mind is carefree, like a flock of geese in the sky, The fish fly on the shallow bottom; it is as pure as the wind blowing through the forest, and as pure as the blue sky in autumn. At this time, the mind is transparent and unobstructed, and it is free and unrestrained.

If we read the book "Zhuangzi" thoroughly, we will find that "happy excursion" is the core of Zhuangzi's philosophy of life. Different from the Confucian and Mohist thinkers who are devoted to secular life and saving the people, Zhuangzi, the master of Taoist philosophy, is a person who aspires to be extraordinary and free from vulgarity. Zhuangzi believes that life should not be indulged in all kinds of secular temptations, but one should have the mentality to jump out and use a transcendent attitude to live an unrestrained and self-satisfied life. And the word "swimming" here does not refer to the movement of the human body swimming like a fish, but refers to the wandering of the mind. Zhuangzi called this state "traveling the mind by riding on things". "Outside", and then you can reach the realm of freedom. That is to say, the human heart must transcend everything in the world in order to achieve the state of bliss and beauty. Therefore, "Xiaoyaoyou" is the freedom of the human mind, not the freedom of the body. Zhuangzi believes that the human body can never be free, because the body can never escape the life of the world. Therefore, the absolute freedom of mind is the core idea of ​​Xiaoyaoyou, which is also the key point of Zhuangzi's outlook on life. Therefore, the editors put "Xiaoyaoyou" in the first chapter of Zhuangzi, which can be said to be very meaningful.

"Getaway" tells a few short stories in a wild and romantic style. The first story tells that although Kunpeng is huge, it must rely on the power of the wind to fly to the South China Sea; the second story tells that cicadas and birds cannot reach the realm of Kunpeng, but they laugh at Dapeng; the third story tells that Song Rongzi can transcend The honor and disgrace in the world, but not free. Although Liezi can fly against the wind, he can only fly in the sky for fifteen days, because he has to rely on the power of the wind; But Xu You said that "name" is only a subsidiary derivative, so "name" has no value; the last story is about the debate between Huishi and Zhuangzi about the difference between size and uselessness, which reflects Zhuangzi's and Huishi's understanding of secular values. different pursuits.

These five stories seem to be scattered, but they are actually a whole. The central idea of ​​Tour.

So what is the central idea of ​​"Getaway"? Let's sort it out again. Kunpeng soared up to 90,000 miles, but it couldn't fly without the wind; Song Rongzi saw right and wrong in the world, but he still couldn't escape because he hadn't achieved "selflessness" and selflessness; Liezi walked against the wind, but there was no The wind still has to fall to the ground. Whether it is Kunpeng or Xiaoniao, whether it is Song Rongzi or Liezi who walks against the wind, it turns out that they all have something to wait for, and once there is something to wait for in life, it is equivalent to being tied up in shackles, and life cannot be free. The absolute freedom of the mind can be realized only by eliminating the waiting to achieve the state of not waiting. This is "happy excursion". Therefore, the key to being happy or not is to see whether the human mind can get rid of the predicament of waiting.

So, what kind of person can reach the realm of freedom?

Zhuangzi said: "If you take advantage of the righteousness of the heaven and the earth, and guard against the debate of the six qi, if you want to swim infinitely, you will be treated with evil." Therefore, it is said that all people have no self, gods and men have no merit, and sages have no name." It turns out that only those who conform to the nature of the natural world, control the changes of natural clouds, be unrestrained, helpless, and not bound by external objects can swim. In the infinite universe, these are the supreme beings, god-men and sages, who have been freed from waiting. Because the perfect person has forgotten the existence of the self; the god-man has no intention of seeking credit; the sage has no intention of seeking fame.

Borrowed by Zhuangzi to the realm of man, god and sage, he actually pointed out the three ropes that bother people and bind them: one is Self, because people are always self-centered and cannot let go of the shackles of the ego; the second is the utilitarian value of the secular society, such as fame and wealth, bells and feasts, such as being noble and powerful; the third is seeking fame and status. The three are the roots of the unfreedom of the human mind.

Therefore, forgetting yourself, forgetting things, and forgetting your name is the right way to go to the realm of freedom. Therefore, The central idea of ​​Happy Tour is ready to come out: we are born in this world, our bodies are not free, but our hearts must be open, we must open the door of our hearts, go to the infinitely distant and deep space, and integrate into the natural avenue. We are born in the secular world, but we cannot indulge in the secular world. We must use a transcendent attitude, an aesthetic attitude, and an open-minded mind to break free from all the shackles of the world, forgetting ourselves, forgetting our achievements, and forgetting our fame. , the mind can be free.

This kind of realm is transcendent, but it is absolutely rare. According to Zhuangzi, only the perfect man, the god man and the sage can accomplish. The problem is, we can only live in the tangible world, in the inescapable secular world, how can we achieve happiness?

Most Chinese literati are fans of Zhuangzi. They can't be happy, but they can stay away from the hustle and bustle. Literati, especially frustrated literati, usually take the way of staying away from temples and going to the rivers and lakes, living a life of hermits.

We can go and see the life of Tao Yuanming, "picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, and see Nanshan leisurely"; we can go and see Cidi Li Yu's ideal of life, "The waves mean thousands of miles of snow, the peach blossoms are silent and a team of spring. A pot of wine, a body, how many people are as happy as a Lennon"; look at Liu Zongyuan's lonely life, "Thousands of mountains and birds fly away, ten thousand paths No trace of people, a lone boat with hats and hats, fishing alone in the cold river and snow", they are living a life far away from the hustle and bustle, but are Tao Yuanming and the others at ease? In fact, Tao Yuanming and Li Houzhu Liu Zongyuan were far from reaching the realm of leisure, although they all knew that if they forget some things in the world, they will be more happy; the farther they are from the world, the closer they are to happiness. "You" is only the initial stage of Zhuangzi's "Xiaoyaoyou". Because they still have love, hate, concern for the secular world, and the entanglement of the secular world, they have not let go of themselves. And Zhuangzi's leisurely excursion requires us to reach a state of absolute freedom: forgetting everything about ourselves; forgetting the utilitarian value of the world; , we can go to the realm of happiness.