"The Biography of Zhang Heng" Classical Chinese Knowledge Training (Teacher Edition)

"The Biography of Zhang Heng" Classical Chinese Knowledge Training (Teacher Edition)

1. Classification of classical Chinese knowledge in class

Zhang Heng, courtesy name Pingzi, was born in Xi'e, Nanyang. Heng Shaoshan belonged to (consecutive) literature, traveled (travel, study tour, refers to investigation and study) in Sanfu, because (so by the way) entered the capital, watched (study. [contact today "observation"]) Taixue, and then mastered the Five Classics ( "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn" five scriptures), permeating the six arts (ritual, music, archery, royal, and book number six knowledge and skills). Although (although) talent is above the world, (but) there is no feeling of arrogance. Often calm and quiet, not easy to explain to lay people. In Yongyuan, it is not good to promote Xiaolian (recommended as Xiaolian, but did not go to the recommendation), and Lianbi (bi has been recruited many times) is not suitable for the government (take office). When the world is at peace for a long time, from the princes and below, there is nothing more than extravagance (excessive extravagance). Heng Nai then planned to imitate Ban Gu's "Two Capitals" as "Fu on Two Capitals", because he used it as a satirical remonstrance. It takes ten years to succeed in thinking and thinking. The great general Deng Zhiqi (surprised by... ) is talented, tired (repeatedly) called (hired) should not (received).

Hengshan is ingenious, especially Zhisi (with his mind) in astronomical yin and yang calendar calculations. An Diya (Suchang) Wen Heng was good at learning, and the public car specially (specially) conscripted (recruited) worshiped (appointed, granted an official position) doctor, and then moved (twice promoted) to Taishi Ling. Suinai (so) studied Yin and Yang, Miao (delicately researched. Adjectives are used as verbs, researched) to the fullest (laws and principles. Adjectives are used as nouns, correct principles), made armillary spheres, and wrote "Lingxian", " "Theory of Computation", the words are very detailed.

At the beginning of Emperor Shun, it was transferred again and became Taishi Ling again. Heng does not admire (envy and woo) the current world (power ministers and high officials), and the official where he lives (just) does not move (move and promote) for years. Since he left (resigned from office) his historical position, he has been returned for five years.

In the first year of Yangjia, the Houfeng Seismograph was reproduced. Made of (used) refined copper, the member (commonly known as "circle") is eight feet in diameter, with a raised lid, shaped like a wine statue, and decorated with seal characters (seal characters and patterns) in the shape of turtles, birds and animals. There are all (big) pillars in the middle, which walk along the eight roads, and Shi Guan (hub key) sends (turning) the machine. There are eight dragons outside, with copper balls in the head, and toads in the bottom, and they open their mouths to inherit it. The ingenious mechanism (shape and structure) of its teeth are all hidden in the statue, covering them meticulously and endlessly (marginal, this is the gap). If there is an earthquake, Zun will vibrate the dragon, and the machine will spit out pills, and the toad will hold them. The vibrating sound is exciting, and the waiter is aware of it. Although one dragon is moving, but the seven heads are not moving, looking for its direction (orientation) will (just) know where the earthquake is. Test it for (use) things, and agree (conform to and agree with) like a god. From the records in the books, it has never existed (there has never been such an instrument). Taste a dragon's machine, but the ground does not move, scholars in the capital blame (blame) its lack of signs (fulfillment). A few days later, when the post arrived, there was an earthquake in Longxi, so everyone admired (sighed) its wonderfulness. Since then, it is (just) to order the official historian to record the origin of the earthquake.

At that time, political affairs were gradually weakened, and power was transferred to the bottom, and Hengyin (so) went up to sparsely report things. After moving to the servant, the emperor led in Weiwei, satirizing left and right. Ask about the diseases in the world. Evil (hate) person. The eunuchs were afraid that they would destroy themselves, so they all had their eyes on each other, and Heng Nai came out in a strange way. The eunuchs feared that they would eventually suffer (disaster), so they slandered (slandered) them together. Heng often thinks about the matter of the body, thinking that good and bad depend on it, and it is difficult to understand the subtlety (deep and subtle). It is "Sixuan Fu" to express (express sustenance) emotions.

At the beginning of Yonghe, he was born as the Prime Minister of Hejian. At that time, the king was arrogant and extravagant and did not abide by the Dianxian (rules and laws); Heng gets off the car (the official's first appointment), governs majesticly, rectifies the law, secretly (secretly) knows (checks) the name of the traitor party, temporarily collects the poultry (pass "capture" arrest), and is awe-inspiring from top to bottom. Qingming). After serving as an official (serving) for three years, he wrote a letter to beg for bones (requesting to retire), and worshiped the minister. He was sixty-two years old and died in the fourth year of Yonghe.

2. Accumulation of common knowledge of literature and culture

1. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty": a biographical history of dynasties, recording the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, authored by Fan Ye. 2. Sanfu: The Han Dynasty took Jingzhaoyin, Zuofengyi, and Youfufeng as the Sanfu, which is near today's Xi'an, Shaanxi. 3. Taixue: The highest institution of learning in the country located in the capital in ancient times. 4. Five classics: "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn". 5. Six Arts: There are two versions. One is the six basic talents that ancient Chinese Confucianism required students to master, including rites, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics. Ritual is etiquette, music is music, shooting is the skill of shooting and riding, imperial is the skill of driving a carriage, calligraphy is calligraphy, and number is arithmetic. There is another way of saying that the six arts are interpreted as the six classics, namely "Book of Changes", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites", "Book of Music", and "Spring and Autumn". 6. Xiaolian: In the Han Dynasty, local officials (prefects) recommended people with good conduct to the central government for official positions, and the recommended people were called "Xiaolian". Xiaolian means "filial piety to parents, honesty and integrity". Later, the title "Xiaolian" also became the elegant name for juren in the Ming and Qing dynasties. 7. Public office: the official office of Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong. 8. Two capitals: Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, also known as "two capitals". 9. Fu Hui: The organization, layout, purpose, and rhetoric of the article are also called "attached meetings". 10. Bus: Officials signed in the Han Dynasty, and subjects submitted letters and recruited, all received by the bus. 11. Eunuch vertical: a contemptuous term for eunuchs. 12. Hao right: a wealthy family. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Hao family lived on the right side of the city, so it was called "Hao You". 13. Get off the bus: Officials have just arrived. 14. Assessing affairs: Officials arrive at work. 15. Begging for bones: The ancient minister asked to resign when he was old, which meant asking for his body to return to his hometown. 16. To become an official: to return to the official position, that is, to retire. For example: In the first year of Yongning, he wrote a letter to become an official because of illness. ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty") In ancient times, the normal retirement of officials was called "zhishi". It originated in the Zhou Dynasty and formed a system after the Han Dynasty.

3. Extracurricular classical Chinese training

Zu Chong's character is Wenyuan, and Fan Yangqiu is also a native of Fan Yangqiu. Chongzhi Jigu, thoughtful, Song Xiaowu envoy Zhihua Lin Xuesheng, bestowing Zhaiyu car clothes. Xie Brown worked in Xuzhou, and the government joined the army.

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Jiazhong used the calendar made by He Chengtian, which is more secret than the eleven families in ancient times. Chong Zhi thought it was too sparse, but created a new law, as stated in the above table. Filial piety makes it difficult for courtiers who are good at calendar, and they cannot be bent. The emperor's collapse will not be implemented.

The previous position was the magistrate of Lou County, and the servant of the audience shot. At the beginning, in Wuping Guanzhong of Song Dynasty, Yao Xing's compass chariot was obtained. It had a shape but no sticks. Every line made people turn inside. During the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Qi Gao assisted the government and made Chong Zhi pursue the ancient law. Chongzhi modified the copper machine, which is endlessly round and round, but Sifang is as one, which has never been done since Ma Jun. From time to time, there was a northerner who was able to build a compass car, and Gaodi envoy and Chong made it separately, so that they could have a common school test in Leyou Garden. In the Jin Dynasty, Du Yu had an ingenious idea to make ware, but three changes failed. In Yongming, Prince Jingling was very good at ancient times, so he made samosa vessels and presented them, just like Zhou Temple. When Prince Wenhui was in the East Palace, he saw Chongzhi's calendar and Emperor Qiwu implemented it. Wen Hui went to bed after looking for death.

Transfer to Captain Changshui to take up his post. Chong Zhi made "An Bian Lun" in order to open up farmland and expand farming. During the Jianwu period, Emperor Ming wanted to send Chongzhi to patrol the four directions and make great achievements that could benefit the common people. He would have military affairs, but it didn't work. Chong Zhijie Zhong Lv Bo Sai ② was unique at that time, and there was no one who could match him. Zhuge Liang has wooden oxen and horses, so he made a vessel, not because of Feng Shui, but by using the machine to move it by itself, without labor. He also built a thousand-mile ship and tested it on the Xinting River, traveling more than a hundred miles a day. The water mill was built in Leyou Garden, and Emperor Wu came to see it in person. And very good at calculating. He died in the second year of Yongyuan at the age of seventy-two.

Zi Dianzhi. Jing Shuo, the character of "暅", is rarely passed on to the family business. It is extremely subtle and ingenious. The wonderfulness of ecstasy is incomparable. When its attainments are small, thunder cannot enter. Taste the line and meet the servant Xu Mian, shoot Xu Mian, touch it with the head, Mian called Naiwu. He Chengtian, who was changed by his father, has not yet implemented it. At the beginning of Liang Tianjian, he revised it more, so he began to implement it. The position is Tai Zhouqing. ("Southern History · Literature Biography")

[Note] ①Accessor: An ancient water container. If the water is small, it will fall, if it is medium, it will be upright, and if it is full, it will overturn. The monarch can be placed on the right side of the seat as a warning. ② Bosse: Boxi, chess and other games. ③Ban, Ji: Ban, Lu Ban; Ji, the legendary craftsman of Shun. ④ Tianjian: The year name of Emperor Liang Wu of the Southern Dynasty. The "Yuanjia" mentioned above is the reign name of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty; "Shengming" is the reign name of Emperor Shun of the Song Dynasty; Hou's reign.

1. For the explanation of the underlined words in the following sentences, the incorrect one is ( )

A. Filial piety makes it difficult for courtiers and scholars who are good at calendar

B. Each row makes people turn inward. Row: run

C. Wen Hui went to bed after searching for death

D. Chong Zhijie Zhonglv Bosser Solution: Insights

[Answer] D Analysis: Solution: Understand.

2. Among the following groups of sentences, the one with the different meaning and usage of the dotted words is ( )

A. ① Encouragement to be enlightened ② Ten years to complete

B. ① The circle is endless, but the square is as one ② No arrogance

C. ①When the attainments are weak, the thunder cannot enter. ②Will be angry and dare not offer

D. ①Touching the ground with the head ②Yan Yong dead Zheng to accompany neighbors

[Answer] D Analysis: Item A is an adverb, which means that something happens or ends late, and it can be translated as "cai". Item B is a conjunction, expressing a turning point, translated as "but" and "but". Item C, a pronoun, is translated as "he". In item D, the first "依" is a preposition, use; the latter "依" is a conjunction, expressing the result, coming.

3. Among the following groups of sentences, the group that all expresses Zu Chongzhi's "organic thinking" is ( )

① It is difficult for the courtiers who are good at experience, and they cannot bend

②Each line makes people turn inward

③The making of ware and presenting it is the same as that of the Zhou Temple

④ The wonder of ecstasy, like and jiu are inexhaustible

⑤ Also built a thousand-mile ship, tested it on the Xinting River, and traveled more than a hundred miles a day

⑥Emperor Qi Gao assisted the government and made Chongzhi pursue the ancient law

A.①②③ B.①③⑤ C.②③⑤ D.④⑤⑥

【Answer】B Analysis: ②Talk about the situation of Yao Xing’s compass car, ④Talk about Zu Chongzhi’s son, ⑥Do not belong to the content of “organic thinking”.

4. The following analysis and summary of the relevant content of the original text, the incorrect one is ( )

A. Zu Chongzhi is a native of the Southern Dynasties. He has experienced Song and Qi dynasties. His main contributions in science are to formulate more precise calendars, improve compass carts, and build water mills and thousands-mile ships.

B. Although the calendar formulated by Zu Chongzhi was more precise than that of the predecessors, it was not implemented because of the death of Emperor Wu, and it was implemented after his son revised it.

C. Because the compass cart handed down from ancient times had incomplete parts, it could not operate normally. After Zu Chongzhi modified it, the rotation was more flexible, but it was very accurate in indicating the direction.

D. Zu Chongzhi is not only ingenious in making utensils, but also unparalleled in music and chess. At the same time, he also has outstanding talents in farming and managing the army.

[Answer] D Explanation: Zu Chongzhi only put forward some ideas on farming and planting, but did not implement them; "He also has outstanding talents in governing the army".

5. Translate the underlined sentences into modern Chinese.

(1) Chong Zhi thinks that it is still sparse, but a new law is created, as stated in the above table.

【Translation】But Zu Chongzhi thought that it was not strict enough, so he re-enacted a new calendar and wrote a memorial to explain it

(2) Prince Wenhui saw Chongzhi's calendar in the East Palace, and Emperor Qiwu implemented it.

[Translation] When Prince Wenhui was in the East Palace, he saw the calendar made by Zu Chongzhi and asked Emperor Wu to implement it.

(3) Jingshuo, the character of 暅, rarely passed on the family business, is extremely subtle, and also has ingenuity.

【Translation】Jing Shuo, the character of 暅, learned the lessons passed down by his masters when he was young.

【Reference translation】

Zu Chongzhi, courtesy name Wenyuan, was born in Fanyangqiu County. Zu Chongzhi liked to investigate ancient affairs and was skilled and thoughtful. (Southern Dynasty) Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty asked him to be on duty in Hualinyuan Taixue. He rewarded him with a house, chariots and horses, and clothing.

During the Yuanjia period, the imperial court used the calendar formulated by He Chengtian, which was stricter than the eleven families in ancient times. But Zu Chongzhi thought it was not strict enough, so he formulated a new calendar and wrote a memorial to explain it. Emperor Wu asked people in the court who were good at calendar to criticize him, but he couldn't trouble him, and it happened that Emperor Wu died and failed to implement it.

Later, he served as the county magistrate of Lou, and then served as the servant of Yezhe. At the beginning, when Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty pacified Guanzhong, he obtained a compass cart made by Yao Xing, which had an outer shape but no mechanism inside. Whenever it was running, he sent someone to turn it inside. During the next year, Emperor Qi Gao assisted the government and asked Zu Chongzhi to repair it as it was in ancient times. Zu Chongzhi remade a car with a copper mechanism, which can rotate at will, but the direction is very accurate. There has been no such thing since Ma Jun at the end of Han Dynasty. At that time, a northerner named Suo Yu also said that he could make a compass car. Gaodi asked him and Zu Chongzhi to make it separately, and let them take a test together in Le Youyuan. The compass car they made was very different, so Destroyed and burned the car made by Suo Yu. Du Yu in the Jin Dynasty had a clever mind and made a samosa, but failed to make it after many modifications. During the Yongnian period, Prince Liang (Ziliang, person's name) of Jingling liked ancient things, and Zu Chongzhi made ware for him, which was no different from the ones displayed in the ancestral temple. When Prince Wenhui was in the East Palace, he saw the calendar made by Zu Chongzhi and asked Emperor Wu to implement it. It was put on hold due to the death of Prince Wenhui not long ago.

Later, he was transferred to the captain of Changshui and concurrently held the original position. Zu Chongzhi formulated the "An Bian Lun", intending to establish a farming system and expand agricultural planting. During the Jianwu period, Emperor Qi Ming wanted to send Zu Chongzhi to inspect the four directions and create a great cause that could benefit the people. It happened that there were continuous wars, but the matter was not completed in the end. Zu Chongzhi was proficient in rhythm chess, etc., which was unique at that time, and no one could become his opponent. Because Zhuge Liang made wooden cows and horses, he made a kind of utensils that don't need to rely on wind and water, and the mechanism on the device can run by itself without manpower. He also built a thousand-mile boat, tested it on the Xinting River, and traveled more than a hundred miles every day. A water mill (a tool for pounding rice using water power) was also built in Leyou Garden. Emperor Wu once went to watch it in person. And especially good at calculating. Yongyuan died in the second year at the age of seventy-two.

His son's name is Dianzhi. Jing Shuo, the character of "暅", studied the studies passed down by his masters when he was young, and studied them in depth very carefully, and he also has a dexterous mind. His skill has reached a miraculous state, and it is difficult for craftsmen such as Lu Ban and Ji in ancient legends to surpass him. When he thought deeply, the sound of thunder was hard to hear. When I met Xu Mian while walking, I hit my head on Xu Mian's body, and Xu Mian didn't realize it until he called him. He Chengtian's calendar revised by his father had not yet been implemented at that time. In the early years of Emperor Wu of Liang's Tianjian, he revised it again and began to implement it at this time. The position is Tai Zhouqing.

1. Find the words related to official change:

①I got rid of the right prime minister and privy envoy\②I worshiped as Shangqing\③I moved to the left to be the Sima of Jiujiang County\④I was out of office for two years, and I was at peace

⑤It was the evening when I felt the intention to relocate\⑥The official who lived there did not move for many years \⑦Moved to Taishi Ling\ ⑧Teng Zijing was relegated to Baling County

⑨Qu Yuan was deposed\⑩went a letter to beg for bones\⑾reverted to Taishi Ling\⑿to Hejian Prime Minister\⒀from humble to humble, promoted by Mongolia

Indicates the granting of official positions: addition, worship

Indicates the transfer of official positions: relocation, transfer means promotion of official positions: promotion, promotion, relocation

Indicates the reduction of official positions: Zuoqian, relocation, and relegation expresses removal of official positions: deposed

Said to resign from office: begging for bones

Indicates leaving Beijing to serve as an official in another place: going out of office, out of office

2. Fill in the blanks as required

There are specific sayings in ancient officialdom expressions:

When an official arrives, he is called to get off the bus; when an official arrives at work, he is called to be an official;

Granting an official position is called worship or dismissal; the old minister's request to resign from office is called begging for bones.