Edited by the Chinese Department of Senior High School: Compulsory Volume 2

The Injustice of Dou E (excerpt)

【Teaching objectives】

1. Understand the meaning of drama and Yuan Zaju about common sense.

2. Clarify the plot structure and grasp the content of Zaju.

3. Appreciate and analyze the characters of Dou E, and summarize the theme of Zaju.

[Teaching focus]

Appreciate the personalized language of the characters, grasp the content of the drama, and appreciate the image of the characters.

[Teaching Difficulties]

Accurately grasp dramatic conflicts and summarize themes.

【Teaching process】

1. New lesson introduction (introduction to drama and author)

Appreciation of couplets: Drama is based on fiction, and the truth is sought within the fiction, the truth is not the truth, the fiction is not the fiction, the fiction is the reality, life and death are taken in every inch , honor or disgrace, high or low, to do a career for thousands of years, it is impossible for the authorities to be fake

Playing and singing are originally for music, and worries are hidden in the music, worrying about the people's worries, happy people's joy, joy and sorrow, pessimism and separation in an instant, joy, anger, sorrow and joy, showing all generations Favors must be faxed from the play

The couplet clearly tells us: Although drama is a performing art, it comes from life, truly reflects life, shows life, and it makes us influenced by art. At the same time, I also realized the true meaning of life.

The concept of drama: it is a comprehensive stage art, which uses literature, music, dance, art and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions, and reflect social life.

In the long course of development of Chinese classical opera, there have been four basic forms of Song and Yuan Southern Opera, Yuan Dynasty Zaju, Ming and Qing Legends, and Qing Dynasty Flower Department. Among them, Zaju in the Yuan Dynasty was the first golden age in the history of Chinese opera. The creation of Zaju was very prosperous, and the creation system was relatively strict.

1. Structure: Yuan Zaju usually plays a complete story with four folds and one wedge, and writes the beginning, development, climax and ending of the story in sequence; the "wedge" is generally placed Before the first act, similar to the prologue of a modern play, it is sometimes placed between two folds, which has the nature of a cutscene. Individually, there are 50% off, 40% off or multiple consecutive performances.

2. Role: The roles played mainly include Sheng, Mo, Dan, Jing, Chou, etc. There is only one protagonist in each play of Yuan Zaju, the male protagonist is called Zhengmo, and the female protagonist is called Zhengdan. In addition, male supporting roles include Vice-mo (secondary protagonist), Wai-mo (elderly man), Xiao-mo (juvenile), etc.; supporting actresses include Wai Dan, Tie Dan, Lao Dan, Hua Dan, etc.; A person with a peculiar appearance. Ugly: Commonly known as "Little Painted Face", it mostly plays a secondary role. In addition, there are miscellaneous characters named after the roles and identities of the characters in the play: such as Jia (emperor), Gu (official), Buer (old woman), Bo Lao (old man), Jie Lang (monk) and so on.

3. Script composition: It consists of three parts: singing, science and writing.

Libre (i.e. lyrics): It is a rhyme written according to a certain palace tune (music tune) and tune card (music score).

Ke (i.e. Kefan): It is the general term for dramatic actions (including actions, expressions, and stage effects). Also known as "intermediation".

Bai Bai (that is, Bai Bai—singing is the main part, Bai is the guest): it is the part of the characters in the play, which are dialogue, monologue, narration, and narration (in the libretto) interrupted).

4. Works of main writers of Zaju

Four masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu.

Four major romantic dramas: "Worshiping the Moon" (Guan Hanqing), "The Story of the West Chamber" (Wang Shifu), "A Chinese Girl's Soul" (Zheng Guangzu), "On the Wall" (Bai Pu )

5. Author:

Guan Hanqing, nicknamed Jizhaisou, is a representative writer of Zaju in the Yuan Dynasty, and also the earliest and greatest drama writer in the history of Chinese drama. He is as famous as Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu, and Ma Zhiyuan, and is known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". He not only writes scripts, but also sings on stage sometimes. He has fine temperament, can recite poems, can play flute and piano, sing and dance, and can also play chess and hunting. He is versatile. He created more than 60 dramas in his life, but most of them were lost, and only 15 survived. "Dou E's Injustice", "Saving the Wind and Dust", "Single-knife Club" and so on are widely circulated. Among them, "The Injustice of Dou E" is one of the top ten classical tragedies in my country. In 1956, his name was included in the list of world cultural celebrities.

Second, free reading, initial perception:

1. Students read the script independently with notes, clear up difficult words, and introduce the plot of "Dou E Yuan".

Wedge: Poor scholar Dou Tianzhang went to Beijing to seek fame, and borrowed money from the widow Cai Po. Cai Po had long taken a fancy to his daughter Ruiyun, and took the opportunity to ask Ruiyun to be a child bride . Duanyun lost her mother at the age of 3, and went to Cai's mother-in-law's house at the age of 7 and changed her name to Dou E.

The first fold: At the age of 17, Dou E married Cai Po’s son. A year later, her husband died of illness, and the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law depended on each other. One day, Granny Cai went to ask Sailu doctor for money. Sailu doctor forced her to go to a secluded place and tried to strangle her to death. Fortunately, Zhang Luer and his son rescued her. Because of this life-saving grace, Zhang Luer and his son wanted to take over the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.

Second fold: Dou E insists on not following. Zhang Lv'er put poison in the sheep stomach soup, intending to kill Cai Po and take Dou E by force. Unexpectedly, his father drank the bowl of sheep tripe soup and died. Zhang Lver accused Dou E of poisoning her father-in-law to death, and threatened Dou E to marry him as his wife, otherwise she would report to the court. With a clear conscience, Dou E and Zhang Lv'er went to see the officials for comment. The prefect Taozhu was a stupid official who tortured and extorted a confession, but Dou E was unyielding. Taozhu turns to torture Cai Po, and Dou E, in order to save Po Po, accepts the wrongdoing and is sentenced to death.

Third fold: Dou E was full of grief and indignation when she was about to be sentenced, and rushed to the execution ground, shouting "blood splattered in vain", "snow in June" and "three years of drought" before she died Three vows.

Supplement: The official Dou Tianzhang came to the ground of Chuzhou to pay homage to Lianghuai, the envoy of punishment, governance and integrity. Dou E's ghost entrusts her father in her dream and tells her grievances. Dou Tianzhang reopened the case and killed Zhang Lver. Dou E's grievances were resolved.

2. Read the text again, summarize the content of each part with Dou E as the subject, and list the structure outline of the text.

⑴Dou E was regarded as a child bride.

⑵Dou E refuses to remarry.

⑶Dou E was imprisoned unjustly.

⑷Dou E was beheaded unjustly. Sent to the execution ground, denounced heaven and earth;

Farewell to mother-in-law, be kind and filial; the three major vows show innocence and rebellious spirit. (writing on the blackboard)

3. Appreciate the text and explore the questions:

1. Why is Dou E wronged and where is she wronged?

Injustice means that innocent people suffer. Dou E was afraid of hurting her mother-in-law, so she surrendered. The hateful thing is that the government listened to one side and believed it, and did not conduct investigations, let alone reasoning, tortured to extract a confession, and closed the case hastily.

2. How does Dou E, who is caught in a grievance, behave?

(1) Guide the students to draw and read the relevant content in the second fold in the textbook [调尾] [Muyangguan].

It is clear: Dou E, who firmly believes that she is innocent, is willing to go to the government with Zhang Lver, and let the government clear her wrong. But she never expected that the prefect Taozhu was a master who regarded the complainant as a "parent for food and clothing", and he believed in Zhang Lv'er's one-sided words and beat Dou E violently.

(2) Guide the students to freely read the second part of the textbook [Calling Yulang] [Grateful to the Emperor] [Picking Tea Song] [Huang Zhongwei] three arias, appreciate The resentment, anger, tenacity and initial resistance of Dou E being wronged and beaten.

(3) Dou E's mother-in-law cannot be beat up and wants to beat Dou E's mother-in-law for a living. It was my father-in-law who died of medicine." The word "busy" shows Dou E's kindness even more.

(4) Guide students to learn the third fold, and then find out a few plots that reflect Dou E's kindness.

Clarify: in order not to let the mother-in-law suffer, the plot of taking the charge voluntarily, the details of asking the executioner not to go to the front street to go to the back street when going to the execution ground, and [Happy Three], [Bao Lao "Er" and other arias all show Dou E's virtues of kindness and filial piety. The author repeatedly writes that Dou E is kind, and the more kind she is written, the more sympathy she has for readers and the hatred for Tao Mu and Zhang Lv'er. Kindness is in contrast to destiny, and its "injustice" is even more evident.

3. Guide the students to recite repeatedly the aria [Rolling Hydrangea] in the third play that best expresses Dou E's helplessness and resistance.

(1) Which sentence shows dissatisfaction with reality?

Clearly: "Those who do good will suffer poverty and shorten their life, and those who do evil will enjoy wealth and honor and prolong life."

It reveals the social injustice in which good people suffer and bad people run rampant. This is the understanding that Dou E bought with her life. For the incomparable anger of those who do a lot of evil but don't get retribution, when reading, you should use the tone of one slow and one fast, one low and one high, crying and shouting, to express Dou E's emotional outflow of resentment and hatred.

(2) Which sentence best expresses Dou E's rebellious spirit?

Clearly: "Earth, you don't know what is good and evil, what is earth! Heaven, you are mistaken and stupid!"

Although the kind-hearted Dou E is powerless to change her own destiny, she never yields to the arrangements of the heavens. flash. This is what Dou E uttered with all her strength at the end of her life, how sad, how helpless, and how happy.

(3) What kind of thoughts and feelings does this aria express for Dou E?

Clear: expresses the protagonist's thoughts and feelings of extreme grief, anger, resentment, anger, and helplessness. (Students read this aria with emotion)

4. What does Dou E hope to use to express her grievance? What is she hoping for?

Clear: three vows

The first blood splatter is in vain: she hopes that people on the execution ground will immediately understand her grievances;

The second pile of June Snow: I hope that my grievances will be reflected in the sky;

The third three-year drought: She not only hopes that her personal grievances will be avenged, but also that God will punish evil.

4. Appreciate the characters and summarize the theme

By writing the tragic scene of Dou E being sent to the execution ground to be killed, it exposes the corruption and cruelty of Yuan Dynasty officials, reflects the darkness of society at that time, and praises Dou E's kind heart and rebellious spirit.

5. Comparative reading and exploring experience

The kind and strong Dou E was sent to the execution ground innocently. Can live happily.

This wish was finally realized by Ye Xianzu, a man of the Ming Dynasty, who adapted "The Injustice of Dou E" into "The Story of the Golden Lock":

Dou E's husband did not die young, but fell into the Yellow River on the way to Beijing for the exam, and was recruited by the Dragon King as a son-in-law. Three years later, he went to Beijing to take the imperial examination, and won the first prize in one fell swoop. And when Dou E was executing the sentence, the executioner was frightened by the heavy snowfall, and urgently ordered him to stay under the sword so that he could not die. In the end, Dou Tianzhang was rehabilitated, and Dou E was released. She met her husband Cai Changzong in a boat, and the father and daughter reunited happily. It is exactly "When Weng is a high-ranking official and son-in-law, the husband and wife, mother and child meet again".

Ye Xianzu's change in this way really meets everyone's wishes. I don't know what you think. Please discuss: Is this a good way to change it? Why?

Not good. Because of such a change, although it meets people's wishes, it weakens the fighting nature of the original drama, and becomes a cliché of the happy ending of general operas.

This change shows that Mr. Ye Xianzu did not understand the meaning of the original play, or he deliberately tampered with the original meaning, flattering the feudal rulers, and accusing the feudal rule The tragedy of the persecutors persecuting innocent people has transformed into a vulgar comedy praising gods and upright officials.

Extracurricular exploration: Liu Lanzhi, Mrs. Xianglin, Dou E several female images, who is more rebellious?

Liu Lanzhi: She understands that her mother-in-law wants to expel her, and her husband’s request is useless. When things are irreversible, she didn’t just sit around and wait to be sent away, but changed from being passive to taking the initiative.” "Repatriation" got up early and "Strict Makeup" dressed up beautifully. Liu Lanzhi changed from passive to active, showing the characteristics of strong self-esteem, active maintenance of her personality, and strong personality.

Both Xianglinsao and Dou E are influenced by religious thoughts to varying degrees, but the humanistic spirits shown in them are different. The fighting spirit of perseverance, life and death, and declaring war on fate and the unfairness of the world are beyond the reach of Mrs. Xianglin.

6. Homework

Try to write an article, it can be a story adaptation, or it can be a review...