Let's take a look at these two calligraphy works first
Look at the stone carvings of Tsinghua University's school motto
Why in the works above, there is no horizontal stroke in the middle of the character "德"? Is the calligrapher wrong?
From the contemporary print and computer fonts, we can see at a glance that there is a horizontal line above the "heart" of the character "德", which seems to be uncontroversial. However, when we look at calligraphy works in copybooks, the character "德" basically has no horizontal lines. why is that?
Picture/Characters of "Germany" are Zhong Yao, Wang Xizhi, Zhiyong, Ouyang Xun,Chu Suiliang, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Zhao Mengfu.
The reason for the writing of the character "De" is that there is one less horizontal line or one more horizontal line in the character. The reason is not simple. It reflects the evolution of this character in the history of Chinese writing. In addition to the difficulty in searching for oracle bone inscriptions, the earliest writing of the character "De" can be found in the bronze vessel "Mai Yi" of the Zhou Dynasty. On the half of the "double side", only the word "four" is written, and there is no "ten" on the top and no "one" on the bottom. No "heart". In the "Mao Gong Ding" in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, its writing method is similar to that of later generations, but there is no horizontal line in the middle of the word "de". See below:
Picture/Pre-Qin "De" character
From the pre-Qin period to the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty to the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, in the big seal script, small seal script, bamboo slips, silk scripts, as well as Han Li and Wei steles, the writing method of "De" without a single horizontal line in the middle has remained unchanged. Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, once wrote an article "Praying for the Illness of the Men and People", in which there is no horizontal line in the middle of the word "virtue" in "the family's fortune". The rubbings of this inscription are now included in the "Guolu of the History of Chinese Calligraphy".
From the classic calligraphy inscriptions of the past dynasties, it is found that there are occasional horizontal paintings in regular script (such as Yan Zhenqing, etc.), and almost no horizontal paintings in running script.
It can be seen that there is an extra horizontal line in the middle of the character "德", which was first seen in the middle of Tang Dynasty. Li Yangbing, a great calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty, learned from the variation of Qin Xiaozhuan. In the seal script "Thousand Characters" written by him, the word "De" in "De Jian Ming Li" is added in the middle of the character. I wrote a horizontal line. This is the first time that the character "德" has a horizontal line. See the image below:
Li Yangbing's "little action" can be regarded as the "initiator". Soon after, calligrapher Shi Wei added a horizontal line to the word "virtue" in "Jianfu Temple Monument". Therefore, in the mid-Tang Dynasty, the word "De" appeared in the seal script with a horizontal line, but it was a new variant in the calligraphy, which was not commonly used in the ordinance documents, such as the Tang stele "Guo Fujun Epitaph", the font It is a regular script, writing "The Seven Years of Wude in the Great Tang Dynasty", and there is no horizontal line in the character "De", which can be regarded as an example of writing in the popular characters of the Tang Dynasty.
It can be seen that the writing method of the word "De" followed the old rules from the early Tang Dynasty to the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, and evidence can still be found in the Ming Dynasty. In the seventeenth volume of the official "Yongle Dadian" of the Ming Dynasty, there is no horizontal line for the character "De", and for example, the official casting of the "De" character with "Da Ming Xuande Year System" in the Xuande period has no horizontal line. Another example is the inscriptions on hundreds of bricks on the city wall of Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty, as well as the names of officials and kiln workers in prefectures and counties. There is no middle horizontal line in the word "de".
It can be seen that in the official norms from the pre-Qin period to the Ming Dynasty, there is no horizontal stroke in the middle of the character "De".
There is no horizontal writing in the word "Germany". Until the early Qing Dynasty, things came to an unexpected subversion. In the 49th year of Kangxi (1710), the "Kangxi Dictionary" was decreed to be compiled, and the edict said: "Let it be a book, and it will last forever". The book was completed in the 55th year of Kangxi (1716). The scholar and Chen Bangyan wrote in the preface: "The government officials and the people also abide by it." The word "Germany".
The word "Germany" in "Kangxi Dictionary"
The result of this is that starting from the Qing Dynasty, the horizontal "German" character, which was originally a variant character, became the official norm and was reversed. Adding a horizontal line to the word "Germany" has also become a folk practice. But there are no restrictions on the writing of calligraphers, such as Deng Shiru, Prince Cheng Yongxuan, and the inscriptions of Quanjude in the Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that there is no horizontal "de" in the Qing Dynasty, which is limited to the "special writing method" of calligraphers. . This standard has been followed to this day.
Photo/From the end of the 19th century, the signboard of Quanjude Roast Duck Restaurant
Summary
1. From the pre-Qin period to the Ming Dynasty, there is no horizontal line in the middle of the word "Germany";
2. Since the Qing Dynasty, the word "Germany" must be written horizontally;
3. Nowadays, people need to write horizontally when writing standard characters. If you do calligraphy, it doesn't matter if you write or not, it is not a typo.
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Extended reading: Appreciation of calligraphy and ink marks of Zuo Zongtang's great benefactor, Pan Zuyin
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