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【Oilprice网8月17日报道】由于公众和政党的不信任、核废料压缩维护处理成本高以及市场充斥着廉价天然气，美国核工业长期以来只能勉强维持运转。尽管如此，美国早就推出Kilopower项目，旨在利用核裂变反应堆提供动力，延长研究人员、科学家在太空的停留、工作时长。目前Kilopower裂变反应堆已顺利通过首次地面测试。若未来三年首次太空测试如期启动并且成功，太空研究、创新和工业都会迎来一个全新的时代。
The U.S. Plans To Send Nuclear Reactors To Space
While the nuclear energy industry is struggling to stay afloat in the United States, bogged down by public and political mistrust, crushing nuclear waste-maintenance costs, and a market flooded by cheap natural gas, the country has grand plans for nuclear power outside of its domestic borders. Way outside.
In just a few short years from now, the United States will be shipping nuclear reactors to the moon and Mars. According to team members from the Kilopower project, a collaborative venture from NASA and the United States Department of Energy, nuclear energy is just a few years from heading into the space age.
"The Kilopower project is a near-term technology effort to develop preliminary concepts and technologies that could be used for an affordable fission nuclear power system to enable long-duration stays on planetary surfaces," says NASA's "Space Technology Mission Directorate." In layman's terms, the focus of the Kilopower project is to use an experimental fission reactor to power crewed outposts on the moon and Mars, allowing researchers and scientists to stay and work for much longer durations of time than is currently possible.
While this may sound like something straight out of a science fiction novel or the Twilight Zone, the Kilopower fission reactor has already passed its initial ground tests with flying colors. Kilopower project lead Patrick McClure says that not only is this project going to become a reality, it will be so in the very near future. In a presentation with NASA's Future In-Space Operations last month McClure said, "I think we could do this in three years and be ready for flight."
NASA's official stance is a bit more conservative, not providing any exact timelines. Its "Space Technology Mission Directorate" simply states that "the Kilopower project team is developing mission concepts and performing additional risk reduction activities to prepare for a possible future flight demonstration," adding that the potential of this demonstration would be to "pave the way for future Kilopower systems that power human outposts on the Moon and Mars, enabling mission operations in harsh environments and missions that rely on In-situ Resource Utilization to produce local propellants and other materials."
While this is not the first time that nuclear energy is being used to power pursuits into the final frontier, the Kilopower project is a much more ambitious and powerful project than any of its predecessors. According to Space.com, "nuclear energy has been powering spacecraft for decades. NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes, New Horizons spacecraft, and Curiosity Mars rover, along with many other robotic explorers, employ radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which convert the heat thrown off by the radioactive decay of plutonium-238 into electricity."
This model, however, would not produce nearly enough energy to power an entire crewed outpost on Mars or the moon, which will have much more significant energy needs. "The power output from RTGs is relatively low. The one used by Curiosity and NASA's upcoming Mars 2020 rover, for example, generates about 110 watts of electricity at the start of a mission. (This output declines slowly over time.)"
By contrast, the Kilopower prototype is a much more powerful energy source. Futurism reports that "Kilopower's prototype is about the size of a fridge and fits into a rocket. It could provide a base with around 40 kilowatts of power — roughly enough electricity for eight houses on Earth." The Kilopower prototype is also much more efficient. In last year's KRUSTY (Kilopower Reactor Using Stirling Technology) ground tests, the prototype reactor "converted 30 percent of fission heat into electricity," reports Space.com. "This efficiency dwarfs that of RTGs, which convert about 7 percent of available heat."
If the Kilopower's first in-space tests do indeed launch within the next three years, and if they prove successful, it would usher in an entirely new era for space research, innovation, and industry. The ability to put humans in space for longer durations of time and power larger and more ambitious projects than ever before will bust open the door to countless pursuits that have been purely imaginative until now, making what is already a $400 billion dollar space industry truly take off.
( 译者：段宇 审校：刘海萍 )
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